A Mysterious Object Near Jupiter: What Could It Be?

A Mysterious Object Near Jupiter: What Could It Be?

The vastness of space has always captivated human imagination, and few places in our solar system spark as much curiosity as Jupiter, the gas giant with its swirling storms, enigmatic moons, and immense gravitational pull. Recently, a hypothetical scenario has stirred the minds of astronomers, scientists, and space enthusiasts alike: the discovery of a spacecraft-sized object near Jupiter. But what could such an object be? Is it a natural phenomenon, a human-made artifact, or something far more extraordinary? In this exploration, we’ll dive into the possibilities, blending science, speculation, and a touch of cosmic wonder to unravel the mystery of this enigmatic object.

 Setting the Scene: Jupiter’s Cosmic Neighborhood

Jupiter, the fifth planet from the Sun, is a behemoth. With a diameter of roughly 86,881 miles (139,820 kilometers), it’s more than 11 times the size of Earth. Its powerful magnetic field and intense gravity make it a focal point for studying the dynamics of our solar system. Jupiter is surrounded by at least 95 known moons, a faint ring system, and a region teeming with asteroids and other celestial debris. The idea of a spacecraft-sized object—something roughly the size of a modern space probe or satellite, say 10 to 100 meters in length—appearing in this environment raises fascinating questions.

For context, a spacecraft-sized object could be anything from a small probe like NASA’s Voyager (about 20 meters long with its antenna) to a larger structure akin to the International Space Station (roughly 109 meters long). Such an object, detected near Jupiter, would stand out due to its size, motion, or reflective properties, especially if it doesn’t behave like a typical asteroid or comet. Let’s explore the possibilities, ranging from the mundane to the mind-bending.

 Possibility 1: A Natural Celestial Object

The most straightforward explanation for a spacecraft-sized object near Jupiter is that it’s a natural body, such as an asteroid, comet, or moonlet. Jupiter’s gravitational influence is immense, capturing countless objects into its orbit over billions of years. These objects, known as Trojan asteroids, irregular moons, or temporary satellites, often have irregular shapes and sizes that could mimic a spacecraft.

- Trojan Asteroids: Jupiter shares its orbit with thousands of Trojan asteroids, which congregate at stable gravitational points called Lagrange points (L4 and L5). Some of these asteroids are small enough to fall within the spacecraft-size range. A particularly reflective or metallic asteroid might appear artificial at first glance, especially if its surface scatters light in a way that mimics a manufactured object.

- Irregular Moons: Jupiter’s irregular moons, unlike its large Galilean moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto), are often small, captured objects with eccentric orbits. A moonlet in the 10–100-meter range could be mistaken for a spacecraft, especially if it has an unusual shape or surface composition. For example, some moons have high albedo (reflectivity), making them stand out against the backdrop of space.

- Interstellar Interlopers: The discovery of ‘Oumuamua in 2017, the first confirmed interstellar object passing through our solar system, opened the door to the possibility of extraterrestrial objects wandering near Jupiter. A spacecraft-sized interstellar asteroid or comet, caught temporarily by Jupiter’s gravity, could appear anomalous, especially if it exhibits non-gravitational acceleration (as ‘Oumuamua did, possibly due to outgassing).

While these natural explanations are the most likely, they don’t fully satisfy the imagination. A natural object would typically lack the precise structure, motion, or signals associated with a spacecraft. If the object exhibits unusual behavior—say, controlled movement or radio emissions—it pushes us toward more speculative possibilities.

 Possibility 2: Human-Made Spacecraft or Debris

Could the object be a relic of human exploration? Since the 1970s, humanity has sent several spacecraft to Jupiter, including Pioneer 10 and 11, Voyager 1 and 2, Galileo, Juno, and the more recent Europa Clipper. These missions have left behind probes, orbiters, and even fragments that could, in theory, linger in Jupiter’s vicinity.

- Known Spacecraft: Most of our Jupiter-bound spacecraft are accounted for. For example, Galileo was intentionally crashed into Jupiter in 2003 to avoid contaminating its moons, and Juno remains in orbit as of 2025. However, a malfunctioning probe or an untracked component (like a detached antenna or stage) could theoretically appear as a mysterious object. Voyager 1 and 2, now in interstellar space, passed by Jupiter decades ago, but smaller debris from their flybys could still be in the region.

- Space Debris: Space exploration generates debris, from discarded rocket stages to lost tools. While most debris remains in Earth’s orbit, some missions to the outer solar system could have left fragments that ended up near Jupiter. A reflective piece of metal, spinning in a way that catches sunlight, might resemble a spacecraft-sized object.

- Secret Missions: A more speculative angle involves classified or unannounced missions. Governments or private entities could have launched probes to Jupiter without public disclosure. For instance, a prototype spacecraft testing advanced propulsion could be mistaken for an unknown object. However, the logistics of keeping such a mission secret, especially in the era of global telescope networks, make this unlikely.

The human-made explanation falters if the object exhibits technology or behavior beyond our current capabilities, such as rapid course corrections or non-chemical propulsion. This leads us to the most tantalizing possibility: an extraterrestrial origin.

 Possibility 3: An Alien Artifact

The idea of an alien spacecraft or probe near Jupiter is the stuff of science fiction dreams, but it’s worth exploring through a scientific lens. The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) has long considered our solar system a potential target for alien exploration, and Jupiter—being a prominent and resource-rich planet—could be a logical destination for an advanced civilization’s probe.

- A Visiting Probe: An extraterrestrial probe, similar in size to our own spacecraft, could be exploring Jupiter’s system, perhaps studying its moons (Europa, with its subsurface ocean, is a prime candidate for astrobiological interest). Such a probe might emit radio signals, move in ways inconsistent with natural orbits, or reflect light in a manner suggesting a polished, artificial surface. The ‘Oumuamua debate, where some scientists (like Harvard’s Avi Loeb) proposed it could be an alien artifact, shows how such ideas gain traction when objects defy easy categorization.

- A Relic of an Ancient Civilization: Jupiter’s long history makes it a potential repository for ancient artifacts. An alien probe or structure, perhaps millions of years old, could have been captured by Jupiter’s gravity and remained dormant until detected. Such an object might resemble the monolith from 2001: A Space Odyssey, a silent sentinel waiting to be discovered.

- A Megastructure Fragment: While a full-scale Dyson Sphere or megastructure is unlikely, a smaller component—say, a piece of an alien satellite or solar collector—could fit the spacecraft-size description. If it’s made of exotic materials or exhibits unusual electromagnetic properties, it could stand out starkly against Jupiter’s natural environment.

The alien hypothesis, while exciting, faces significant hurdles. The Fermi Paradox—why haven’t we seen clear evidence of extraterrestrial life?—suggests that if an alien object exists, it’s either deliberately hidden or extremely rare. Additionally, Occam’s Razor favors simpler explanations (like a natural object) unless definitive evidence, such as structured radio signals or clear artificial design, emerges.

 Possibility 4: A Novel Phenomenon or Anomaly

Beyond the categories of natural, human-made, or alien, the object could represent a phenomenon we don’t yet fully understand. Jupiter’s environment is complex, with intense magnetic fields, radiation belts, and atmospheric dynamics that could produce unusual effects.

- Plasma or Magnetic Anomaly: Jupiter’s magnetosphere, one of the largest structures in the solar system, generates powerful auroras and plasma interactions. A localized plasma phenomenon or magnetic disturbance could create a reflective or emissive “object” that appears spacecraft-sized on our instruments. For example, a concentrated plasma torus near Io might mimic a solid object under certain observational conditions.

- Exotic Matter or Particles: Theoretical physics allows for exotic objects, such as microscopic black holes, strangelets, or dark matter clumps, though these are unlikely to be spacecraft-sized. A speculative possibility is a stable, macroscopic quantum object or a remnant of some cosmic process, temporarily visible near Jupiter.

- Optical Illusion or Instrumental Error: Telescopes and space observatories, like the James Webb Space Telescope or ground-based arrays, are incredibly sensitive but not infallible. A glitch, cosmic ray hit, or misinterpretation of data could make a natural object appear artificial. For instance, a distant star’s light, refracted through Jupiter’s atmosphere, might create a fleeting, spacecraft-like signature.

These possibilities remind us that our understanding of the universe is incomplete. A mysterious object could be a clue to new physics or a reminder of the challenges in interpreting distant observations.

 How Would We Investigate?

If a spacecraft-sized object were detected near Jupiter, scientists would mobilize a multi-pronged approach to study it:

- Telescopic Observations: Ground-based telescopes, like the Very Large Telescope in Chile, and space-based observatories, like Hubble or James Webb, would analyze the object’s spectrum, reflectivity, and motion. This would help determine its composition (rocky, metallic, or exotic) and trajectory.

- Radio and Signal Analysis: SETI researchers would scan for radio emissions or other signals that might indicate artificial origin. Even weak or intermittent signals could provide clues.

- Spacecraft Flyby: If resources allow, a mission like NASA’s Juno or a future probe could be redirected for a closer look. A flyby would provide high-resolution images and data on the object’s structure and behavior.

- Modeling and Simulation: Scientists would use computer models to test whether the object’s behavior matches known natural phenomena, human technology, or something else entirely.

Public reaction would likely be intense, with social media platforms buzzing with theories ranging from aliens to secret government projects. Scientists would urge caution, emphasizing the need for rigorous analysis before jumping to conclusions.

 The Bigger Picture: Why It Matters

The discovery of a spacecraft-sized object near Jupiter would be more than a scientific curiosity—it would challenge our understanding of the universe and our place in it. A natural object would deepen our knowledge of Jupiter’s complex environment. A human-made artifact would highlight the legacy of our exploration efforts. And an alien object? That would rewrite history, confirming we’re not alone and sparking a new era of cosmic inquiry.

Jupiter, with its grandeur and mysteries, is a fitting stage for such a discovery. Its moons, like Europa and Ganymede, are prime targets in the search for life, and its vast gravitational reach makes it a natural hub for cosmic visitors, whether asteroids or something more. The object, whatever it is, would remind us that the universe is full of surprises, waiting to be explored.

 Conclusion: Embracing the Unknown

As we ponder the nature of a spacecraft-sized object near Jupiter, we’re reminded of the thrill of exploration. Whether it’s a rogue asteroid, a forgotten probe, an alien artifact, or something entirely new, the object represents the frontier of human curiosity. It challenges us to look up, to question, and to dream. As we continue to probe the mysteries of Jupiter and beyond, we may find that the answers are as awe-inspiring as the questions themselves.

What do you think this object could be? A chunk of cosmic rock, a lost piece of human ingenuity, or a beacon from another world? The universe is vast, and the possibilities are endless. Let’s keep our eyes on the skies—and our minds open to the wonders that await.

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A Jupiter-Sized Rogue Planet Entering the Solar System

A Jupiter-Sized Rogue Planet Entering the Solar System

 What is a Rogue Planet?

A rogue planet, also known as a free-floating planet or interstellar planet, is a planetary body that does not orbit a star and instead drifts through interstellar space. Unlike planets in our solar system, which are gravitationally bound to the Sun, rogue planets are untethered, moving freely through the galaxy. These objects can range in size from small, rocky bodies to gas giants comparable to Jupiter. They are typically detected through microlensing events, where their gravity bends the light of distant stars, or through direct imaging in infrared wavelengths, as they may emit residual heat from their formation or internal processes.

Rogue planets likely form in one of two ways. First, they may originate in a star system, much like Jupiter or Earth, but are ejected due to gravitational interactions, such as close encounters with other planets or stars. Second, they may form in isolation within dense molecular clouds, collapsing under their own gravity without a parent star. Estimates suggest there could be billions of rogue planets in the Milky Way, with some studies indicating up to two rogue planets per star in the galaxy.

 A Hypothetical Jupiter-Sized Rogue Planet in Our Solar System

Imagine a Jupiter-sized rogue planet, which we’ll call Draconis, entering our solar system around the year 2000. This gas giant, roughly 11 times Earth’s diameter and 300 times its mass, would be a colossal interloper, with a dark, reflective surface illuminated faintly by distant stars or glowing faintly from internal heat. Its arrival would be a monumental event, reshaping our understanding of the solar system and posing significant risks.

 Origin and Trajectory

Draconis likely originated in a distant star system, perhaps within a crowded stellar nursery in the Orion Arm, approximately 1,000 light-years away. It could have been ejected during the chaotic early phases of its parent system’s formation, when gravitational interactions among forming planets or a close pass by another star destabilized its orbit. Alternatively, a stellar encounter in a binary system or a supernova explosion in its vicinity could have flung Draconis into interstellar space millions or billions of years ago.

Traveling at a typical interstellar speed of 10–20 km/s, Draconis would have taken millions of years to cross the vast distance to our solar system. By the year 2000, astronomers detect its approach as it crosses the heliopause—the boundary where the solar wind gives way to the interstellar medium, about 100–120 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun. Its trajectory suggests it entered from the direction of the constellation Ophiuchus, cutting through the outer solar system at a steep angle relative to the ecliptic plane.

Draconis’s path takes it on a hyperbolic trajectory, meaning it will not be captured by the Sun’s gravity but will pass through the solar system and exit back into interstellar space. Its closest approach, or perihelion, is projected to occur around 2005 at approximately 10 AU from the Sun—roughly the orbit of Saturn. This trajectory brings it perilously close to the inner solar system, raising concerns about its gravitational influence on nearby planets, including Earth.

 Detection and Observation

In 2000, Draconis would likely be detected by infrared telescopes, such as the Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS), or through perturbations in the orbits of outer solar system objects like Kuiper Belt objects or comets. Its massive size would make it a faint but detectable object, possibly glowing in infrared due to residual heat from its formation or radioactive decay in its core. By 2002, major observatories like Hubble and ground-based telescopes would confirm its size and composition, revealing a gas giant with a thick atmosphere of hydrogen and helium, possibly laced with methane and ammonia, similar to Jupiter.

 Dangers of a Jupiter-Sized Rogue Planet in the Solar System

The arrival of a Jupiter-sized rogue planet like Draconis poses several significant dangers to the solar system, particularly if it passes within 10 AU of the Sun.

1. Gravitational Perturbations:  

   Draconis’s immense mass—equivalent to Jupiter’s—would exert significant gravitational influence on the solar system’s planets, asteroids, and comets. As it passes through the outer solar system, it could destabilize the orbits of Kuiper Belt objects, sending comets and icy bodies hurtling toward the inner solar system. This could increase the risk of impacts on Earth, potentially triggering catastrophic events akin to the Chicxulub impact that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.

   In the inner solar system, Draconis’s gravity could perturb the orbits of planets like Jupiter, Saturn, and even the terrestrial planets. While a direct collision with Earth is unlikely given its trajectory, even a distant pass could cause subtle shifts in Earth’s orbit or axial tilt over time, potentially affecting climate patterns. For example, a 0.1% change in Earth’s orbit could alter solar insolation, leading to long-term climate shifts.

2. Impact on Earth’s Environment:  

   If Draconis passes within 10 AU, its gravitational influence could disrupt the asteroid belt, increasing the likelihood of asteroid collisions with Earth. Additionally, its passage could trigger a surge in cometary activity, with long-period comets bombarding the inner solar system. A single large comet impact could cause widespread devastation, including tsunamis, wildfires, and a “nuclear winter” effect from dust blocking sunlight.

   Fortunately, Draconis’s closest approach at 10 AU places it far from Earth (approximately 9 AU, or 1.3 billion kilometers, from Earth at its nearest point). This distance reduces the immediate risk of catastrophic gravitational effects on Earth itself. However, the long-term consequences of its passage could manifest over decades or centuries as perturbed objects reach the inner solar system.

3. Disruption of the Oort Cloud:  

   The Oort Cloud, a spherical shell of comets extending 2,000–100,000 AU from the Sun, is particularly vulnerable to Draconis’s influence. As the rogue planet passes through or near the inner Oort Cloud, its gravity could dislodge countless comets, sending them on trajectories toward the Sun. This could result in a prolonged period of heightened meteor and comet activity, increasing the risk of impacts across the solar system.

4. Electromagnetic and Atmospheric Effects:  

   If Draconis has a magnetic field similar to Jupiter’s, its interaction with the solar wind could generate intense electromagnetic disturbances, potentially affecting spacecraft and satellite communications. Its atmosphere, if rich in volatile gases, could also release particles that interact with the solar wind, creating auroras or other phenomena visible from Earth.

 Proximity to Earth

At its closest approach in 2005, Draconis would be approximately 9 AU from Earth, a distance comparable to the separation between Earth and Saturn. This is far enough to avoid direct gravitational disruption of Earth’s orbit or immediate catastrophic effects. However, its passage would still be a significant astronomical event, visible through telescopes and potentially causing minor perturbations in the orbits of nearby planets. The greatest risk to Earth lies in the long-term effects, such as increased cometary activity, which could elevate the probability of impacts for centuries.

 References to Rogue Planets in Star Trek

Rogue planets have appeared in several Star Trek episodes and films, often serving as mysterious or hazardous settings. Here are notable examples:

- Star Trek: The Original Series – “The Cage” (1965):  

   In the pilot episode, the Enterprise encounters Talos IV, a planet that, while not explicitly rogue, exists in isolation and hosts a dying civilization. The concept of a planet with no star resonates with the idea of a rogue planet surviving independently.

- Star Trek: The Next Generation – “The Masterpiece Society” (1992):  

   The Enterprise discovers Moab IV, a planet in a remote system that could be interpreted as a rogue or near-rogue body due to its isolation. The episode explores a self-sustaining colony, paralleling the idea of a rogue planet supporting life through internal heat.

- Star Trek: Deep Space Nine – “The Search, Part I” (1994):  

   The Dominion’s homeworld, a rogue planet in the Omarion Nebula, is a key example. This planet lacks a parent star and is shrouded in mystery, with its inhabitants (the Founders) thriving in a unique environment. The rogue planet serves as a plot device to highlight the Dominion’s alien nature.

- Star Trek (2009):  

   The film features Delta Vega, a frozen, seemingly starless world where Spock is marooned. While not explicitly called a rogue planet, its depiction as a barren, isolated body aligns with the concept, emphasizing the desolation and danger of such worlds.

In Star Trek, rogue planets are often portrayed as enigmatic, hostile environments that challenge the crew’s ingenuity. They serve as metaphors for isolation or survival in extreme conditions, a theme that resonates with Draconis’s passage through our solar system.

 Scientific and Cultural Impact

The discovery of Draconis in 2000 would galvanize the scientific community. Astronomers would launch a global effort to track its trajectory, using telescopes like the Hubble Space Telescope, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and later the James Webb Space Telescope (launched in 2021). Space agencies like NASA and ESA might deploy probes to study Draconis up close, analyzing its composition, magnetic field, and potential moons, which could harbor subsurface oceans or exotic lifeforms sustained by internal heat.

Culturally, Draconis would capture the public’s imagination, inspiring books, movies, and media coverage. Doomsday scenarios might dominate headlines, with fears of apocalyptic impacts, though scientists would emphasize the low immediate risk to Earth. The planet’s passage would also spark philosophical debates about humanity’s place in the cosmos and the prevalence of rogue planets in the galaxy.

 Conclusion

The arrival of a Jupiter-sized rogue planet like Draconis in our solar system in 2000 would be a transformative event, blending awe and danger. Originating from a distant star system, its hyperbolic trajectory would carry it through the outer solar system, passing within 10 AU of the Sun and 9 AU of Earth. While not an immediate threat to Earth, its gravitational influence could destabilize comets and asteroids, increasing the long-term risk of impacts. In Star Trek, rogue planets symbolize mystery and resilience, a fitting parallel for Draconis’s fleeting yet impactful visit. The scientific and cultural ramifications would endure for decades, reminding humanity of the dynamic and unpredictable nature of the cosmos.

Sources

- Bagenal, F., Dowling, T. E., & McKinnon, W. B. (2004). *Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites, and Magnetosphere*. Cambridge University Press.

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- Gardner, J. P., et al. (2006). “The James Webb Space Telescope.” *Space Science Reviews*, 123(4), 485–606.

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- Skrutskie, M. F., et al. (2006). “The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS).” *The Astronomical Journal*, 131(2), 1163–1183.

- Stone, E. C., et al. (2015). “Voyager 1 observes low-energy galactic cosmic rays in a region depleted of heliospheric ions.” *Science*, 341(6142), 150–153.

- Strigari, L. E., et al. (2012). “Nomads of the Galaxy.” *Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society*, 423(2), 1856–1865.

- Sumi, T., et al. (2011). “Unbound or distant planetary mass population detected by gravitational microlensing.” *Nature*, 473(7347), 349–352.

- Veras, D., et al. (2011). “The great escape: How planets can be ejected from their systems.” *Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society*, 417(3), 2104–2113.

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The Intriguing Tale of Asteroids Not Hitting Earth

The Intriguing Tale of Asteroids Not Hitting Earth

According to scientists, asteroid 2024 YR4 is no longer a threat to Earth.  The probability has shrunken to zero.  However, they are now saying that it will hit our Moon.

When it comes to the fascinating world of astronomy, there's an enduring interest in the cosmic rocks known as asteroids. These celestial bodies, while relatively small in the grand scheme of the universe, often capture our imagination—sometimes in thrilling ways and other times with existential dread. But amidst the countless discussions about the potential hazards of asteroids, there's a lesser-celebrated yet equally fascinating story: how many of them don't hit Earth.

The Journey of an Asteroid

Asteroids are rocky remnants from the early formation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years ago. These space rocks can vary greatly in size, from tiny pebble-sized particles to massive bodies hundreds of kilometers in diameter. Most of these asteroids are found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, but some make their way into the inner solar system, posing a potential threat to Earth.
Earth's Cosmic Shield: The Atmosphere

One of the most remarkable aspects of our planet is its atmosphere, which acts as a cosmic shield. When an asteroid enters Earth's atmosphere, it encounters intense friction and heat, causing it to burn up. This phenomenon, often witnessed as a meteor or "shooting star," means that many asteroids disintegrate before they even reach the ground.

Close Encounters of the Asteroid Kind

Throughout history, Earth has experienced countless close encounters with asteroids. Thanks to advances in astronomy and space technology, we can now track these near-Earth objects (NEOs) with impressive accuracy. NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office (PDCO) is dedicated to monitoring and tracking potentially hazardous asteroids, ensuring that we are well-prepared for any potential impact scenarios.
The Role of Gravitational Influences

The intricate dance of celestial bodies in our solar system is governed by gravity. The gravitational pull of planets, particularly Jupiter, plays a significant role in altering the paths of asteroids. Jupiter's immense gravity can act as a shield, deflecting asteroids away from the inner solar system and, consequently, Earth.
Success Stories: Missions to Study and Redirect Asteroids

Humanity's curiosity and technological prowess have led to numerous missions aimed at studying asteroids up close. NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission, for example, successfully collected samples from the asteroid Bennu, providing valuable insights into the building blocks of our solar system. Additionally, space agencies worldwide are exploring methods to redirect potentially hazardous asteroids, ensuring that we can prevent any future collisions.
The Odds of Impact

While the idea of an asteroid impact may seem like the stuff of science fiction, the odds of a catastrophic collision are relatively low. Astronomers estimate that significant impact events occur on a timescale of millions of years. Nevertheless, the ongoing efforts of scientists and space agencies ensure that we remain vigilant and prepared for any potential threats from space.
Conclusion: Celebrating the Cosmic Dance

As we gaze up at the night sky, it's awe-inspiring to think about the countless asteroids that pass by our planet without incident. These close encounters remind us of the intricate cosmic dance that unfolds in our solar system. While the potential dangers of asteroids are real, so too are the efforts to understand and mitigate these risks. In the end, the story of asteroids not hitting Earth is a testament to the beauty and complexity of our universe, and a reminder of the importance of continued exploration and scientific discovery.

So while the Asteroid 2024 YR4 is no longer a threat to Earth and is said to be hitting the Moon now, we are still not out of danger.  If the Moon is struck, there will most likely be debris that the Earth will pull towards itself with its gravity.  This debris will come in different shapes and sizes.  Moreover, our Moon may be moved out of orbit and may bring it to collide with the Earth or have a different orbit which will cause havoc with tidal waves and tsunamis.  Furthermore, if the Moon leaves Earth's orbit completely or gradually, this will cause Earth to rotate faster causing earthquakes, volcanic activity, and a shorter day.  

So next time you spot a shooting star, take a moment to appreciate the cosmic forces at play, and the remarkable journey of those asteroids that simply pass us by. 🌠

Source:

Asteroid 2024 YR4 is no longer a threat to Earth, scientists say | AP News

That 'city-killer' asteroid? It won't hit Earth after all : NPR

'That's Zero Folks!': Asteroid 2024 YR4 is no longer a hazard

Asteroid DW Chances Of Impacting The Earth In 2046 | Watch

NASA updates the chances of ‘city killer’ asteroid 2024 YR4 hitting Earth

'City-killer' asteroid 2024 YR4 could hit the moon instead of us, scientists say

Planetary Alignment in January 2025: A Celestial Spectacle

Planetary Alignment in January 2025: A Celestial Spectacle

January 2025 is set to be an exciting month for stargazers and astronomy enthusiasts. While there has been some buzz about a planetary alignment on January 25, the reality is a bit different. Let's explore what you can expect to see in the night sky this month.

The Myth of January 25 Alignment

Contrary to popular belief, there won't be a perfect planetary alignment on January 25, 2025. The planets in our solar system orbit the sun in a flat plane called the ecliptic, which means they always appear along a line in the sky. However, this doesn't mean they will form a straight line as depicted in some illustrations.

What to Expect in January 2025

Despite the myth, January 2025 will still offer a spectacular view of the night sky. Throughout the month, six planets will be visible, with four of them easily seen with the naked eye.

- **Venus and Saturn**: These two planets will be visible in the southwest sky shortly after sunset. They will appear in close conjunction on January 17-18, coming within about 2 degrees of each other.

- **Jupiter**: High overhead, Jupiter will be a bright presence in the night sky.

- **Mars**: Rising in the east, Mars will be at its brightest and biggest, especially around January 13 when the moon will appear to pass in front of it.

For those with telescopes, Uranus and Neptune will also be visible, adding to the celestial display.

The Science Behind Planetary Alignments

Planetary alignments occur when planets gather closely on one side of the sun at the same time. While planets are always technically aligned along the ecliptic, it's rare to see multiple planets simultaneously. Alignments of five or six planets are classified as "large planetary alignments" and occur every few years.

Viewing Tips

To make the most of this celestial event, here are some tips for stargazing in January 2025:

1. **Check the Weather**: Clear skies are essential for optimal viewing. Keep an eye on the weather forecast and choose a night with minimal cloud cover.

2. **Find a Dark Spot**: Light pollution can hinder your view of the night sky. Try to find a location away from city lights for the best experience.

3. **Use a Telescope or Binoculars**: While four planets will be visible to the naked eye, a telescope or binoculars will enhance your view and allow you to see Uranus and Neptune.

4. **Use Skywatching Apps**: Apps like Sky Tonight and Stellarium can help you locate the planets and provide real-time positions of celestial objects.

 Conclusion

January 2025 promises to be a month of celestial wonder, with multiple planets visible in the night sky. While the idea of a perfect planetary alignment on January 25 is a myth, the actual display will be no less spectacular. So, grab your telescope, find a dark spot, and enjoy the cosmic show!

What is the Multiverse, Does it Exist?

The multiverse is a fascinating and controversial idea that has been explored by physicists, cosmologists, and philosophers for decades. The multiverse is the hypothetical set of all universes, each with its own laws of physics, particles, forces, and constants. Some of these universes may be very similar to ours, while others may be radically different. The multiverse is not a single theory, but a collection of possible scenarios that arise from various fields of physics and cosmology.

One of the most prominent sources of the multiverse idea is inflation theory, which describes a brief period of rapid expansion that occurred in the early universe, when it was less than a second old. According to inflation theory, the universe grew exponentially in size, stretching and smoothing out any irregularities in its structure. However, inflation may not have ended everywhere at the same time. Some regions of space may have continued to inflate, creating bubbles of space-time that separated from each other. Each bubble would become a distinct universe, with its own initial conditions and physical laws. This process may be eternal, generating an infinite number of universes in a vast cosmic landscape.

Another source of the multiverse idea is quantum mechanics, the theory that describes the behavior of subatomic particles and forces. Quantum mechanics implies that physical reality is probabilistic, not deterministic. That means that there are multiple possible outcomes for any given measurement or observation, and each outcome has a certain probability of occurring. However, some interpretations of quantum mechanics suggest that all possible outcomes actually happen, but in different branches of reality. This is known as the many-worlds interpretation, which implies that every time a quantum event occurs, the universe splits into multiple copies, each with a different outcome.

There are other sources of the multiverse idea as well, such as string theory, which proposes that the fundamental constituents of matter are tiny vibrating strings that exist in higher dimensions of space. String theory predicts that there are many possible ways to compactify the extra dimensions, resulting in different types of particles and forces. Each compactification corresponds to a different universe in the multiverse. Another source is black-hole cosmology, which suggests that every black hole may contain a new universe inside it, with different physical laws and properties.

The multiverse idea is intriguing and appealing for several reasons. It may explain why our universe has the properties it does, such as the values of the fundamental constants and the amount of dark matter and dark energy. It may also offer a solution to the fine-tuning problem, which asks why our universe seems to be finely tuned for life to exist. If there are many universes with different physical laws, then we may simply live in one that happens to be hospitable for life by chance. Moreover, the multiverse idea may open up new possibilities for scientific exploration and discovery, as well as philosophical and theological implications.

However, the multiverse idea also faces many challenges and criticisms. One of the main challenges is how to test or verify the existence of other universes that are beyond our observational reach. How can we distinguish between different multiverse scenarios and rule out alternative explanations? How can we measure or compare the probabilities of different universes or outcomes? How can we avoid circular reasoning or anthropic bias when reasoning about the multiverse? These are some of the questions that scientists and philosophers have been debating for years.

The multiverse idea is not a settled or proven fact, but a speculative and controversial hypothesis that requires further investigation and refinement. It is not clear whether the multiverse exists or not, or whether we will ever be able to find out for sure. However, it is clear that the multiverse idea challenges our understanding of reality and invites us to expand our imagination and curiosity.

Sources or references:

- Multiverse - Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

- What is multiverse theory? | Live Science: https://www.livescience.com/multiverse

- Multiverse | Definition, Types, & Facts | Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/science/multiverse

- Multiverse Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/multiverse

Trump to Sign Directive for Space Travel

When President Trump was elected, I was a bit worried.  I was not worried about the things Democrats and liberals were worried about (Gay rights, abortion rights etc). Instead, I was more worried about Trump's stance on global warming and science. He presented himself as being anti-science and even placed people with poor academic credentials to lead agencies dealing with science.

Moreover, he has cut funding to many organizations that deal with climate change and science in general. This prompted the marches for sciences last spring. However, he seems to be having a change of heart in regards to science. Today, Trump gave acting NASA administrator Robert M. Lightfoot JR a mandate to send astronauts back to the Moon and eventually to Mars. The previous president Obama made cuts to NASA and stifled its work. The directive is good news. Studying the universe is important. It will help reveal more about our own planet and how life formed.







Source:

http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/11/politics/trump-astronauts-moon/index.html

https://www.space.com/39040-president-trump-to-sign-space-policy-directive.html

http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/364284-trump-to-sign-directive-to-send-americans-back-to-moon-eventually-to

https://www.facebook.com/topic/National-Space-Council/137822792907403?source=whfrt&position=1&trqid=6498411401785225514&impressionguid=0Q7JqL63gNXx1Lr1s

http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/technology/322918-how-barack-obama-ruined-nasa-space-exploration

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/trumps-5-most-ldquo-anti-science-rdquo-moves/

https://psmag.com/environment/a-brief-survey-of-trumps-assault-on-science

http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/bill-nye-this-anti-science-movement-under-trump-is-going-to-pass/article/2638821

https://foe.org/news/2017-07-trump-nominates-anti-science-climate-denier-to-lead-usda-science/

https://www.facebook.com/marchforscience/

http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/22/health/global-march-for-science/index.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/22/science/march-for-science.html

Nanocrafts To Boldly Go Where No Man Has Gone...

To boldly go where no man has gone before...

These are the introduction words of the Star Trek franchise. Humanity has long dreamed about going out into the starts to explore "strange new worlds and seek out new life," however, the laws of physics, our knowledge, technology and lack of money have put a damper of such plans. Well today, Dr. Stephen Hawkins, renown physicist, has introduced a mission that can get us to go beyond and study other galaxies.

While at the One World Observatory in New York City, Dr. Hawking launched 'Breakthrough Starshot' which is being supported by billionaires Yuri Milner and Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook, INC. On Facebook, Hawking posted:

Today, at the One World Observatory in New York City, Yuri Milner and I launched a mission to the stars. Mark Zuckerberg lent his support by joining the board of our new initiative, Breakthrough Starshot.
Within the next generation, Breakthrough Starshot aims to develop a ‘nanocraft’ – a gram-scale robotic space probe – and use a light beam to push it to 20 percent of the speed of light. If we are successful, a flyby mission could reach Alpha Centauri about 20 years after launch, and send back images of any planets discovered in the system.
Albert Einstein once imagined riding on a light beam, and his thought experiment led him to the theory of special relativity. A little over a century later, we have the chance to attain a significant fraction of that speed: 100 million miles an hour. Only by going that fast can we reach the stars on the time-scale of a human life.
It is exciting to be involved in such an ambitious project, pushing the boundaries of ingenuity and engineering. - SH
- https://www.facebook.com/stephenhawking/photos/a.722563527830747.1073741833.710234179063682/1004427326311031/?type=3&theater

This mission entails sending nanocrafts or nanoprobes, or small bots into space that will contain cameras, sensors, maneuvering thrusts and communications equipment. The nanocrafts will be aided by 100-gigawatts laser pulses which will power the nanocrafts' 'light sails' which will give them momentum to travel farther and farther from Earth.  It is estimated that these nanocrafts will be able to travel about 20% of the speed of light which travels at 186,282 miles per second. This will allow the nanocrafts to reach our closest star after our Sun, Alpha Centuari in about 20 years. From there, they will be able to beam back information on planets in the system before they go too far and will not be able to communicate with Earth. These nanocrafts will be able to pass both Voyager probes within 2-3 days and they have been traveling into interstellar space for decades.

The plan is exciting and I hope it works well, however, I some things came to my mind. First, what is to prevent the nanocrafts from pulverizing in space as they travel so far causing friction?  Remember, light travels at the speed of light, nothing else. Second, since there are asteroids and other objects in space, what will protect the nanocrafts from head-on collisions while traveling at 20% the speed of light? In Star Trek, the Enterprise had the deflector array which "push" away those objects in space which would have destroyed the ship as it travels at warp speed. These are what came to my mind as I watch Dr. Hawking etc give the presentation.













Source:

https://www.facebook.com/stephenhawking/photos/a.722563527830747.1073741833.710234179063682/1004427326311031/?type=3&theater

http://www.space.com/32551-breakthrough-starshot-interstellar-spacecraft-infographic.html?cmpid=514630_20160413_60457696&adbid=10153443769056466&adbpl=fb&adbpr=17610706465

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/100-million-plan-will-send-probes-to-the-nearest-star1/

Planet Nine in Solar System?

Evidence seems to point to an undiscovered planet beyond the demoted planet Pluto.  Caltech researchers believe there is a giant planet which orbits 20 times farther than the and takes about 20,000 years to make a full revolution. The planet is believed to be 10 times the size of Earth.  Dr Konstantin Batygin and Mike Brown used mathematical modeling and simulations to make the discovery. However, no empirical evidence has been presented that shows the planet in it natural form.  The news was revealed in The Astronomical Journal: Evidence For A Distant Giant Planet In The Solar System

Some astronomers believe Pluto may be a satellite or former satellite of this newly discovered planet. For centuries, cultures have speculated that a large planet existed outside of the visible Solar System. This object has been called 'Nibiru' or 'Planet X.'  Ideas have circulated that ancient aliens live on this planet and visited Earth when their planet was closer to the Sun. These ideas are of course part of the human imagination and no evidence exists supporting the stories. However, this will not stop so-called 'Ancient Astronaut Theorists' from taking this news story and running to the wind with it.

In any event, the discover is amazing and shows how little we know of our own 'backyard,' the Solar System.

   





Source:

https://www.caltech.edu/news/caltech-researchers-find-evidence-real-ninth-planet-49523

http://mediaassets.caltech.edu/documents/45-p9_kbo_extras_orbits_2_.jpg


http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/0004-6256/151/2/22

http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/01/feature-astronomers-say-neptune-sized-planet-lurks-unseen-solar-system

https://amp.twimg.com/v/6bad722e-9a4c-46aa-b0fc-7a189bd74dd9

http://www.seattlepi.com/local/science/article/Discovery-of-Planet-9-Nibiru-will-make-people-6773016.php

http://time.com/4184942/planet-9-new-pluto-solar-system/

https://www.yahoo.com/tech/planet-nine-evidence-grows-for-1347529463955510.html

Enceladus Has Global Ocean

Thanks to the Cassini spacecraft, it is believed that Saturn's largest moon, Enceladus has a global ocean. Cassini detected a slight wobble in the moon indicating that liquid underneath the moon's icy crust is present and moving.  An ocean under the surface increases the odds of finding life. This ocean under the crust of Enceladus maintains its liquid form due to Saturn's gravitational pull which creates friction and keeps the ocean from freezing.  The presence of jets spewing vapor into space is further evidence that this is the case.






Source:

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150915155309.htm

http://www.engadget.com/2015/09/15/enceladus-global-ocean/

http://www.theverge.com/2015/9/15/9333821/nasa-enceladus-subsurface-ocean

http://news.discovery.com/space/cassini-watches-enceladus-fizz-into-space-150825.htm

Perseids Meteor Shower 2015

If the weather is nice and the skies are clear, go out and look up.  The Perseids meteor showers are out in full force.  There is no moonlight out tonight which will make viewing the Perseids meteor showers easier to view. The showers are composed of remains of the Comet 109/Swift-Tuttle as it travels into the inner solar system. It is named Perseids since it is seen near the constellation Perseus.

If the weather is not so great in your area, do not be discouraged.  These meteor showers occur every summer and you also can watch NASA's life feed here:

http://ht.ly/QQb8g





Source:

http://ht.ly/QQb8g

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/perseids.cfm

http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2015/11aug_perseids/

http://www.ibtimes.com/pulse/perseid-meteor-shower-2015-live-stream-watch-perseids-home-how-see-summer-astronomy-2050792

http://www.wtae.com/national/perseid-meteor-shower-expected-to-be-stellar/34610562

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/12/431907403/the-perseid-meteor-shower-is-about-to-peak-heres-how-to-watch

Pluto Flyby

It is done. The probe New Horizons has flown by the moon Charon and dwarf planet Pluto.  It has taken amazing photos of both.  More photos will be coming tomorrow.  It will take nearly a year for all data from the probe to reach Earth so that it can be studied.  So far we know Pluto is mostly reddish like Mars, but has other colors to it.  It is roughly less than half the size of the United States of America and smaller than our own Moon.

The flyby has excited the world, especially scientists who hardly slept awaiting the images from New Horizons.  Dr. Neil Degrasse Tyson had a party at the Hayden Planetarium in Manhattan; a place I have loved since I was in elementary school.  Bill Nye the science guy was also gathered with scientists celebrating the flyby. I myself did not get any sleep monitoring NASA's site and accounts.  It is a wonderful time in my opinion.  The United States of America is the ONLY nation to have visited every known planet in the Solar System.  USA! USA! USA!  However, this celebration also includes the rest of the world.

The images and data from New Horizons will give us more insight into this mysterious planet.  In one of the images, the "heart" on Pluto looks like the Disney cartoon dog by the same name!    Here are some of the photos, enjoy God's creation:

Apparently Pluto has 'Pluto' on its surface pic.twitter.com/AHsVmrIGMm

— Sacerdotus (@Sacerdotus) July 14, 2015

Dwarf planets #FTW. Congrats to @NewHorizons2015 on #PlutoFlyby! Meanwhile, on #Ceres... http://t.co/0UqWBuz1Xi pic.twitter.com/10GAD7QSJA

— NASA's Dawn Mission (@NASA_Dawn) July 14, 2015

What a difference 85 years makes. More milestones in Pluto's discovery: http://t.co/bs8r95Krdc #PlutoFlyby pic.twitter.com/jjTT8BYNOU

— Science News (@ScienceNews) July 14, 2015

As I approached #Pluto, it was a big red object in the sky. Now it's a thin crescent, more in shadow. #PlutoFlyBy pic.twitter.com/B8hCvPmRAM

— NASA New Horizons (@NASANewHorizons) July 14, 2015

We made it to Pluto - we think. Why there's tension in the joy at New Horizons mission control http://t.co/LI6ISZ4Ckx pic.twitter.com/U8hEY40ITd

— New Scientist (@newscientist) July 14, 2015

In case you wondering... Here's Pluto and its moon Charon compared to Earth #PlutoFlyby http://t.co/WyFk8hhfIN pic.twitter.com/aiMswsylPQ

— NASA360 (@NASA360) July 14, 2015

Three months ago, this was the best picture we had of Pluto. It looks very different today http://t.co/Sux75CTzfR pic.twitter.com/NjL6qfYrtY

— Indy Tech (@IndyTech) July 14, 2015

Hello #Pluto! We’re at closest approach. Congrats to all! Follow our story & view new images using #PlutoFlyby. pic.twitter.com/8JVlJrcUkY

— NASA New Horizons (@NASANewHorizons) July 14, 2015

Hello #Pluto! We’re at closest approach. Congrats to all! Follow our story & view new images using #PlutoFlyby. pic.twitter.com/8JVlJrcUkY

— NASA New Horizons (@NASANewHorizons) July 14, 2015

Who's ready for history? One hour to #PlutoFlyby! Follow the hashtag and http://t.co/u5GRT8Pdnr! https://t.co/Hg7WOWKo9x

— CanadianSpaceAgency (@csa_asc) July 14, 2015

I'm 109,009 miles/175433.0km from Charon snapping shots with LORRI hi-res cam at 0.5 mile per pixel res! #PlutoFlyby pic.twitter.com/eQ93r38rE2

— NASA New Horizons (@NASANewHorizons) July 14, 2015

#Pluto is psychedelic http://t.co/c0aZoeQrUK pic.twitter.com/FmdoATejMR

— New Scientist (@newscientist) July 14, 2015

Source:

http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/nasa-celebrates-new-horizons-closest-approach-to-pluto

http://www.newsweek.com/new-horizons-pluto-flyby-draws-crowd-including-neil-degrasse-tyson-museum-353641

http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/nasatv/index.html

https://www.newscientist.com/article/new-horizons-pluto-fly-by-live-blog/

New Horizons gets closer to Pluto & Charon

We are making history now.  For the first time we are seeing the "dwarf" planet Pluto and its moon Charon in high definition. Photographs from the past were pixelated and pretty much useless in regards to seeing the terrain of this alien icy world.  Thanks to NASA's New Horizons probe which was launched on January 19, 2006, we are not getting beautiful images of Pluto and Charon.

New Horizons is inching close and closer traveling at around 40,000 MPH sending us amazing photos. It is set to get near Pluto at around 6,300 miles which will provide photos of the surface similar to that of Google map's photos of the island of Manhattan.  The probe is about the size of a piano and weighs a ton.  So far, we see Pluto is in, fact small. Its moon Charon is about 25% the size of Pluto. New Horizons was able to capture Charon orbiting Pluto causing a "wobble" as the two wrestle with each other's gravitational pulls.

IN the images we have received so far, Pluto looks like a tan color. It has complex geological features, some of which look like a giant heart and whale. There is so much we can learn as New Horizons gets close. This is an exciting time for humanity. Some speculate that Pluto may be the moon of another larger planet.  We are not sure, but so far it looks like Pluto is not influenced by any other larger structure.  Here are some photos New Horizons has sent us.

Source:

http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/pluto-and-charon-new-horizons-dynamic-duo

Philae Lander Phones Home

After months of being "asleep," the "Philae Lander" has woken up. The probe "Philae Lander" landed last year on comet 67P.  It has been collecting and studying samples looking for water and other possible evidence of life which is then transmitted to Earth. Due to its distance from the Sun, the lander went into "sleep mode" because of the darkness of space, not to mention it landed on the dark side of the comet.

Because of this, it lacked the solar energy needed to recharge its battery cells. Well, now the lander is closer to sunlight and has charged its battery cells.  It then sent Earth a signal which made everyone in the scientific community happy because things seem to be working as they should.  Here is a tweet the lander posted:

Hello Earth! Can you hear me? #WakeUpPhilae

— Philae Lander (@Philae2014) June 14, 2015

I hope we can learn more from the Philae Lander. There is so much to see and learn about out there in the universe.






Source:

http://news.yahoo.com/philae-comet-lander-establishes-contact-earth-200004749--abc-news-topstories.html

http://www.iopblog.org/todays-physics-news-philae-lander-wakes-up-and-asteroid-day-to-raise-cash-for-an-infra-red-telescope/

Water on Mars

Good news!  The Mars rover Curiosity has discovered that there may be evidence for water on Mars. Data collected and presented in the paper, "Transient liquid water and water activity at Gale crater on Mars" shows the possibility of liquid brine or a salt water solution.

For decades, it was thought that Mars was too cold to have liquid water. However, it makes sense that brine would allow water to remain in its liquid for as salt effects the temperature of water such as with salt used to melt snow or ice.  This salt is not sodium chloride, but instead is calcium perchlorate. Perchlorate salt attracts water molecules and prevents it from freezing.

While no brines were detected, there is the possibility that they may exist in the Gale Crater, especially during the night time. Alfred McEwen of the University of Arizona said,

"Gale Crater is one of the least likely places on Mars to have conditions for brines to form, compared to sites at higher latitudes or with more shading. So if brines can exist there, that strengthens the case they could form and persist even longer at many other locations, perhaps enough to explain RSL activity."

Life as we know it needs water in order to begin. If we, in fact, find it on Mars, then this can open up the door to even more discoveries, including microbial life. It is speculated that Mars had a vast ocean and an atmosphere similar to that found on Earth. Evidence of water on Mars would help expand on this hypothesis. In the meantime, we must wait and see to know more of Mars as Curiosity travels about the planet and gathers information.



 


Source:
http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo2412.html

http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/msl/nasa-mars-rovers-weather-data-bolster-case-for-brine/index.html?linkId=13511495

http://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/apr/13/nasas-curiosity-rover-finds-water-below-surface-of-mars

http://mashable.com/2015/04/13/mars-liquid-water-curiosity/

http://www.examiner.com/article/curiosity-rover-finds-liquid-water-mars-soil?cid=sm-ip-facebook-041315-9.00pm-RoverFindsLiquidH20

http://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/apr/13/nasas-curiosity-rover-finds-water-below-surface-of-mars

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4549

http://news.discovery.com/space/briny-water-may-pool-in-mars-equatorial-soil-150413.htm?utm_source=facebook.com&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=DNewsSocial

Alien Star Passed by Solar System

When our ancestors first began to leave the "Garden of Eden" or Africa, a star passed near our Solar System about 70,000 years ago.  Astronomers at the University of Rochester claim in a new study that Scholz's star along with a brown dwarf flew by the edge of the Solar System in the Oort Cloud. The star's gravity is so weak that it had little effect on nearby comets. It is believed that Scholz's star was about 0.8 light years from the Sun.  It is now long gone at about 20 light years away.

The European Souther Observatory used Scholz's star's radial velocity using Doppler shift which is a way of detecting the speed of light spectrums in relation to the rest of space. With this method, scientist Valentin Ivanov determined that Scholz's star did, in fact, pass by our Solar System and that it is moving away from it at an extraordinary speed at about 55 miles a second.  Scholz's star is considered a rogue star since it is moving through space without and gravitational hold in one location.  However, some questions still remain.  Why did it fly by our Solar System? What caused it to form this trajectory?  Where did it originate from?







Source:

http://iopscience.iop.org/2041-8205/800/1/L17

http://www.universetoday.com/119038/a-star-passed-through-the-solar-system-just-70000-years-ago/

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-31519875

http://www.space.com/28611-star-flew-through-solar-system.html

http://www.iflscience.com/space/star-passed-less-light-year-earth

Saltwater Ocean in Ganymede

Based on a study entitled, "The Search for a Subsurface Ocean in Ganymede with Hubble Space Telescope Observations of its Auroral Ovals" publish by the Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, NASA is reporting that Ganymede - one of Jupiter's moons and the largest in the solar system - may have a subterranean ocean of saltwater containing more water than the surface water found on Earth.
Ganymede is larger than both Mercury and Pluto, and is close to the size of Mars by three-quarters.  It was first observed by Galileo Galilei on January 7 in 1610 and was named after the mythology of a young boy who was taken to Olympus by the god Jupiter while under the form of an eagle.  This young boy which was said to be extremely beautiful would become a servant to the gods on Olympus.

The satellite has three layers with a metallic iron at the core which generates a magnetic field similar to that on Earth.  Around the core is a mantel and a shell of rock mostly comprised of ice.  Back in 1996, it was discovered by the Hubble Telescope that a thin layered atmosphere composed of oxygen existed on the moon.

However, this oxygen is not enough to support life as it exists here on Earth.  This does not mean life may have not evolved in a manner that matched the conditions found on the moon.  There may be life; microbes or more complex lifeforms which developed based on the conditions available.  Rock masses were discovered in 2004 under the icy terrain of Ganymede. The existence of these rock formations indicate the strength of the ice as it holds the rocks near the surface of the satellite and does not allow them to sink into the ocean believed to exist under the ice.

What is interesting is that Ganymede's magnetic field is intertwined with that of Jupiter's.  This causes a peculiar motion of the aurorae generated by both bodies which seems to sway.  Since salt is conductive, then another magnetic field would be visible over the area containing it as an interaction of forces takes place. This is what was discovered by the University of Cologne, Germany.  The magnetic field on Jupiter creates another field on Ganymede showing the presence of saltwater since the fields are interacting with the salt. This is described as "magnetic friction." The existence of this would hold back the swaying or rocking of the aurorae of both the moon and Jupiter. It is estimated that this saltwater ocean is about 65 miles across and about 10 times as deep as the oceans found on Earth  and is encrusted under 95 miles of ice.







Source:

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JA020778/abstract;jsessionid=2A6AC3289B513AEE3667BF44E3135F36.f03t04

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150312112112.htm

http://news.sciencemag.org/space/2015/03/huge-ocean-confirmed-underneath-solar-system-s-largest-moon?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=facebook

http://www.space.com/28807-jupiter-moon-ganymede-salty-ocean.html?cmpid=514630_20150312_41984296&adbid=10152689951036466&adbpl=fb&adbpr=17610706465

http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2015/09/full/

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jup_Ganymede

Asteroid 2004 BL86 Passing By Earth

An asteroid is coming to Earth!  Run for your life!  
Just kidding.

There is an asteroid named 2004 BL86 which is about the size of a large mountain (1,800 feet) passing by Earth today, but it is over 700,000 miles away from us which is relatively 3 times the distance between the Earth and its satellite, the Moon. This will be the last time until 2027 when another asteroid gets too close to the Earth.  Asteroid 2004 BL86 will not come back to visit us until another 200 years.

Astronomers and others are excited by this "visit" as it will be a great opportunity to study an asteroid "up close."  We have little knowledge on asteroids, so having one in our "back yard" will bring add more information to what we have already.  The asteroid can be viewed with a telescope and even binocolars, so get them out and clean them up!  Unfortunately, most of the northeast will not be able to see it as we are in a Blizzard warning and will have cloud cover.

The asteroid will not hit Earth, so do not panic.  Enjoy the show in space if you can view it!    

UPDATE: 9:23 PM

Asteroid 2004 BL86 has just passed Earth and was discovered to have its own moon! It is estimated to be about 230 feet.  Unfortunately, those of us in the northeastern part of the United States were not able to view the asteroid due to blizzard Juno.

 

Source:

http://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/22/us/asteroid-fly-by/index.html

http://news.yahoo.com/asteroid-to-pass-earth-closely-next-week-195200761.html

http://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/mountain-size-asteroid-will-whip-past-earth-monday-n292436

https://uk.news.yahoo.com/huge-asteroid-fly-past-earth-monday-160537732.html#ABABTcF

https://uk.news.yahoo.com/big-asteroid-zoom-earth-jan-26-123818077.html#VdiWeRZ

UPDATED Source:
http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/asteroid-2004-bl86-zips-safely-past-earth-1.2929800

http://earthsky.org/todays-image/best-images-asteroid-2004-bl86-as-it-swept-near-earth

http://zeenews.india.com/news/sci-tech/asteroid-2004-bl86-had-its-own-moon_1537015.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1y7CYf4X3Lo

Organic Molecules Found on 67P

After analyzing data from Philae, scientists at the European Space Agency have detected what appears to be organic molecules on the coment 67P or Churyumov-Gerasimenko. This is a good sign because organic molecules are part of the building block of carbon based life.  However. this doesn't mean that Philae found life there or anything similar.

An organic molecule has one or more carbon atoms within its structure. While carbon atoms are necessary for life as we know it, many more organic molecules and compounds must be present in order to be considered life.  Methane is an example of an organic compound.  It has several hydrogen atoms that are attached to a carbon atom.  Most likely the molecules detected are methane or methanol.  If so, then these compounds would not have any relevance on how life formed on Earth. A more significant find would be that of amino acids.

Nevertheless, the search continues on. Many scientists theorize that comets brought to Earth the compounds needed to allow life to evolve and form in the complex manner that it exists today.  So far we know that comet 67p is mostly ice with a cover of dust and rock material similar to that of sandstone. Due to the extreme low temperature of the comet in the outer solar system, the ice is extremely solid.







Source:

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30097648

http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2014/11/18/no-its-not-a-big-deal-that-philae-found-organic-molecules-on-a-comet/

http://www.popularmechanics.com/how-to/blog/why-you-shouldnt-get-too-excited-philae-organic-molecules-comet-rosetta-17441477