St. Jerome and His Profound Assertion: "Ignorance of Scripture Is Ignorance of Christ"

St. Jerome and His Profound Assertion: "Ignorance of Scripture Is Ignorance of Christ"

St. Jerome, one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity, is celebrated for his monumental contributions to biblical scholarship, particularly through his translation of the Bible into Latin, known as the Vulgate. His famous dictum, "Ignorance of Scripture is ignorance of Christ," encapsulates his conviction that the Sacred Scriptures are not merely texts but the living voice of God, revealing the person of Jesus Christ, the Word Incarnate. 

This essay explores the meaning of Jerome’s words, his pivotal role in shaping the canon of the Bible, his translation work, the debt Protestants owe to his legacy, and the theological truth that Christ is present in Scripture because He is the Word of God. Through this exploration, we will uncover the depth of Jerome’s insight and its enduring relevance for Christians across denominations.

 The Life and Context of St. Jerome

Born around 347 AD in Stridon, a town on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia (modern-day Croatia or Slovenia), Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus, known as St. Jerome, was a scholar, ascetic, and theologian whose work profoundly shaped Western Christianity. Educated in Rome, Jerome was initially drawn to classical literature and rhetoric, studying under the renowned grammarian Donatus. His intellectual prowess was matched by a deep spiritual restlessness, leading him to embrace Christianity fully after a transformative vision in which he was accused of being a "Ciceronian, not a Christian." This experience redirected his talents toward sacred rather than secular pursuits.

Jerome’s life was marked by a blend of scholarly rigor and ascetic discipline. He spent years in the desert of Chalcis as a hermit, mastering Hebrew and deepening his knowledge of Scripture. Later, he served as a secretary to Pope Damasus I in Rome, where he began his work on biblical translation and commentary. His final years were spent in Bethlehem, where he founded a monastery and continued his scholarly endeavors until his death in 420 AD. Jerome’s contributions to Christianity—particularly his translation of the Bible and his exegetical writings—earned him the title of Doctor of the Church and a lasting legacy as the patron saint of translators, librarians, and biblical scholars.

 The Meaning of "Ignorance of Scripture Is Ignorance of Christ"

Jerome’s statement, "Ignorance of Scripture is ignorance of Christ," is a clarion call to Christians to engage deeply with the Bible as the primary means of encountering Jesus Christ. This assertion, found in his commentary on Isaiah (Prologus in libro Commentariorum in Isaiam), reflects a profound theological and spiritual insight: the Scriptures are not merely historical documents or moral guides but the living Word of God, through which Christ reveals Himself.

At its core, Jerome’s statement emphasizes the inseparable link between Scripture and the person of Christ. For Jerome, the Bible is not a static text but a dynamic revelation of God’s plan of salvation, centered on Jesus. The Old Testament prefigures Christ through types, prophecies, and symbols, while the New Testament reveals Him explicitly as the fulfillment of God’s promises. To be ignorant of Scripture, therefore, is to be cut off from the primary source of knowledge about Christ—His life, teachings, death, and resurrection. Jerome believed that studying Scripture was not an academic exercise but a spiritual discipline that draws the believer into communion with Christ.

This idea resonates with the broader Christian tradition, particularly the Johannine theology of the Word (Logos). In John 1:1, Christ is identified as the Word who was "in the beginning with God" and through whom "all things were made." For Jerome, the Scriptures, inspired by the Holy Spirit, are a written expression of this divine Word. To neglect Scripture is to neglect the very medium through which God speaks, thus limiting one’s ability to know and love Christ. Jerome’s call to scriptural literacy was especially urgent in an era when access to the Bible was limited, and many Christians relied on oral tradition or incomplete texts. His words challenge believers of all ages to immerse themselves in Scripture as a pathway to encountering the living Christ.

 St. Jerome’s Role in the Canon of the Bible

Jerome’s contributions to the canon of the Bible were instrumental in defining the structure and content of the Christian Scriptures. In the late 4th century, the canon—the authoritative list of books considered divinely inspired—was still a matter of debate in some Christian communities. While the core books of the Old and New Testaments were widely accepted, questions persisted about certain texts, particularly the deuterocanonical books (e.g., Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, Sirach, Baruch, and 1 and 2 Maccabees) and some New Testament epistles.

At the request of Pope Damasus I, Jerome undertook the task of revising and standardizing the Latin translations of the Bible. This project, which culminated in the Vulgate, required Jerome to make critical decisions about which books to include. His approach to the canon was guided by his commitment to the Hebrew text of the Old Testament and his respect for the apostolic tradition of the New Testament. Jerome initially expressed reservations about the deuterocanonical books, referring to them as "apocryphal" because they were not found in the Hebrew Bible used by Jewish communities. However, he included them in his translation at the insistence of the Church, recognizing their widespread use in Christian liturgy and teaching.

Jerome’s work helped solidify the canon as it was affirmed by the Councils of Hippo (393 AD) and Carthage (397 AD), which listed the 46 books of the Old Testament (including the deuterocanonical books) and the 27 books of the New Testament. His translations and commentaries provided a scholarly foundation for these conciliar decisions, lending authority to the canon that would shape Christian theology for centuries. While Jerome’s personal opinions on certain books evolved, his submission to ecclesiastical authority ensured that the Vulgate included the full canon as recognized by the Catholic Church.

 Jerome’s Translation Work: The Vulgate

Jerome’s most enduring legacy is his translation of the Bible into Latin, known as the Vulgate (from the Latin vulgata, meaning "common" or "accessible"). At the time, the Latin translations in use, known collectively as the Old Latin (Vetus Latina), were inconsistent, riddled with errors, and based on varying Greek and Hebrew manuscripts. Pope Damasus I commissioned Jerome to produce a standardized Latin Bible that would unify the Church’s liturgical and theological life.

Jerome approached this task with extraordinary diligence. He began by revising the Old Latin translations of the Gospels, using the best available Greek manuscripts. For the Old Testament, he made a groundbreaking decision to translate directly from the Hebrew texts, rather than relying solely on the Greek Septuagint, which was the standard for most Christians at the time. This choice sparked controversy, as the Septuagint was revered as inspired, but Jerome believed that the Hebrew texts provided greater accuracy. He also translated the Psalms and other books, producing a text that combined scholarly precision with literary elegance.

The Vulgate was not immediately accepted. Some criticized Jerome’s reliance on the Hebrew texts, and others preferred the familiar phrasing of the Old Latin. Over time, however, the Vulgate’s clarity and fidelity to the original languages won widespread acclaim. By the 8th century, it had become the standard Bible of the Western Church, used in liturgy, theology, and education. The Council of Trent (1545–1563) declared the Vulgate the authentic Latin text for the Catholic Church, cementing its authority for centuries.

Jerome’s translation was a monumental achievement, not only for its linguistic accuracy but also for its accessibility. By rendering the Bible into the common language of the Latin-speaking world, Jerome made Scripture available to clergy and laity alike. His work laid the foundation for the Bible’s central role in Christian life, enabling generations of believers to encounter Christ through the written Word.

 The Debt Protestants Owe to St. Jerome

While St. Jerome is a revered figure in the Catholic and Orthodox traditions, his influence extends to Protestantism, particularly through his work on the Vulgate and his emphasis on scriptural study. The Protestant Reformation, which began in the 16th century, placed the Bible at the heart of Christian faith, with reformers like Martin Luther advocating sola scriptura (Scripture alone) as the ultimate authority for doctrine and practice. Although Protestants and Catholics differ on certain aspects of the canon and biblical interpretation, Jerome’s contributions were foundational to the Bible that Protestants cherish.

First, the Vulgate provided the textual basis for many early Protestant translations. When reformers sought to translate the Bible into vernacular languages, they often consulted the Vulgate alongside Greek and Hebrew manuscripts. For example, Luther’s German Bible (1534) and the English translations that preceded the King James Version (1611) were influenced by the Vulgate’s phrasing and structure. Jerome’s commitment to translating from the original languages set a precedent for the Protestant emphasis on returning to the Hebrew and Greek texts, ensuring fidelity to the inspired Word.

Second, Jerome’s inclusion of the deuterocanonical books, though controversial in Protestant circles, shaped the early Protestant understanding of the canon. While most Protestant denominations eventually adopted the shorter Jewish canon of the Old Testament (excluding the deuterocanonical books), early Protestant Bibles, such as the original King James Version, included these books as "Apocrypha" for study and edification, reflecting Jerome’s influence. His scholarly rigor in evaluating the canon provided a model for Protestant translators who sought to define the authoritative Scriptures.

Finally, Jerome’s dictum, "Ignorance of Scripture is ignorance of Christ," resonates deeply with the Protestant commitment to personal Bible reading. The Reformation’s emphasis on individual access to Scripture echoes Jerome’s belief that all Christians should engage with the Bible to know Christ. Protestant churches owe Jerome a debt for his tireless work in making the Scriptures accessible and for his theological insight that the Bible is the primary means of encountering the living Christ. Without Jerome’s Vulgate, the Protestant Reformation’s focus on Scripture would have lacked a critical textual foundation.

 Christ’s Presence in Scripture as the Word of God

Jerome’s assertion that "ignorance of Scripture is ignorance of Christ" is rooted in the theological truth that Christ is the Word of God, as articulated in John 1:1–14. This passage describes Jesus as the eternal Logos, through whom God created the world and who became incarnate to reveal God’s glory. For Christians, the Scriptures are inspired by the Holy Spirit and bear witness to Christ, making them a unique medium through which He is present.

Theologically, Christ’s presence in Scripture can be understood in several ways. First, the Bible is Christocentric, meaning that its entire narrative points to Jesus as the fulfillment of God’s plan. The Old Testament contains prophecies (e.g., Isaiah 7:14, 53; Micah 5:2) and types (e.g., the Passover lamb, the suffering servant) that prefigure Christ, while the New Testament reveals Him as the Messiah and Savior. Jerome’s commentaries, particularly on the prophets, demonstrate his skill in interpreting the Old Testament as a foreshadowing of Christ, a method known as typology.

Second, Scripture is a living Word, animated by the Holy Spirit, who guides believers into truth (John 16:13). When Christians read the Bible with faith, they encounter Christ through the Spirit’s illumination. This encounter is not merely intellectual but transformative, as the Word convicts, teaches, and draws the believer into communion with God. Jerome’s emphasis on studying Scripture reflects his belief that this encounter with Christ is essential for spiritual growth.

Third, the Eucharist and the Word are interconnected in Christian worship, as both make Christ present to the faithful. In Catholic and Orthodox traditions, the Liturgy of the Word (Scripture readings) and the Liturgy of the Eucharist are two parts of a single act of worship, reflecting the belief that Christ is present both in the proclaimed Word and in the sacramental bread and wine. Jerome’s work ensured that the Scriptures were available for liturgical use, enabling Christians to encounter Christ in worship.

Finally, Christ’s identity as the Word of God means that Scripture is not merely about Him but is an extension of His divine revelation. The Bible, as the inspired Word, participates in the eternal Word, making it a sacred space where Christ speaks to His people. Jerome’s lifelong devotion to Scripture—through translation, commentary, and preaching—testifies to his conviction that to know the Bible is to know Christ Himself.

 The Enduring Relevance of Jerome’s Insight

Jerome’s words, "Ignorance of Scripture is ignorance of Christ," remain profoundly relevant in the modern world. In an age of information overload, where distractions abound, his call to immerse oneself in Scripture challenges Christians to prioritize the Bible as the foundation of their faith. Biblical illiteracy, a concern in Jerome’s time, persists today, with many Christians unfamiliar with the full scope of Scripture. Jerome’s insight reminds believers that neglecting the Bible impoverishes their relationship with Christ.

For Catholics, Jerome’s legacy is evident in the Church’s emphasis on lectio divina (sacred reading), a practice of meditative Scripture study that fosters intimacy with Christ. For Protestants, his work undergirds the tradition of personal Bible study and the centrality of Scripture in preaching and teaching. Across denominations, Jerome’s life and writings inspire Christians to approach the Bible with reverence, diligence, and faith, trusting that through its pages, they will encounter the living Christ.

Moreover, Jerome’s example as a scholar and ascetic challenges modern Christians to combine intellectual rigor with spiritual devotion. His mastery of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, coupled with his ascetic lifestyle, demonstrates that the pursuit of knowledge and holiness are not mutually exclusive but complementary. In a world often divided between secular scholarship and religious fervor, Jerome offers a model of integration, where love for God fuels love for learning.

 Conclusion

St. Jerome’s assertion, "Ignorance of Scripture is ignorance of Christ," is a timeless truth that underscores the centrality of the Bible in the Christian life. His monumental work on the Vulgate and his contributions to the canon ensured that the Scriptures became accessible to generations of believers, shaping the theological and liturgical life of the Church. Protestants, in particular, owe Jerome a debt for his role in providing a reliable biblical text that influenced their own translations and emphasis on Scripture. At the heart of Jerome’s legacy is the profound theological insight that Christ, the Word of God, is present in the Scriptures, revealing Himself to those who seek Him through its pages. As Christians today heed Jerome’s call to know the Scriptures, they open themselves to a deeper encounter with Jesus Christ, the eternal Word who speaks through the inspired Word of God.

References

1. Kelly, J.N.D. Jerome: His Life, Writings, and Controversies. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1998.

2. Brown, Dennis. Vir Trilinguis: A Study in the Biblical Exegesis of Saint Jerome. Kampen: Kok Pharos, 1992.

3. Rebenich, Stefan. Jerome. London: Routledge, 2002.

4. Cain, Andrew. The Letters of Jerome: Asceticism, Biblical Exegesis, and the Construction of Christian Authority in Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

5. Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100–600). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.

6. The Catholic Encyclopedia, s.v. "St. Jerome." New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910.

7. Jerome. Commentary on Isaiah. Translated by Thomas P. Scheck. Ancient Christian Writers Series. New York: Paulist Press, 2015.

8. The Holy Bible: Douay-Rheims Version (Translated from the Latin Vulgate). Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1899.

9. Metzger, Bruce M. The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.

10. McNally, Robert E. The Bible in the Early Middle Ages. Westminster, MD: Newman Press, 1959.

The Archangels Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael: History, Apparitions, Devotions, and Catholic Teachings

The Archangels Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael: History, Apparitions, Devotions, and Catholic Teachings

Introduction

In the rich tapestry of Catholic theology and tradition, the archangels Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael occupy a prominent place as celestial beings who serve as God's messengers, protectors, and healers. These spiritual entities, rooted in Sacred Scripture and venerated through centuries of Christian devotion, embody divine attributes and play significant roles in salvation history. 

The feast day of September 29, known as Michaelmas in earlier times, and the distinct commemoration of St. Michael’s apparition at Monte Gargano on May 8, highlight their enduring significance in Catholic liturgy and piety. This paper explores the historical development, apparitions, devotions, and liturgical celebrations associated with these archangels, alongside Catholic teachings on the nature of angels, their intelligence, free will, and powers. It also addresses the mention of other archangels, such as Uriel, and the Church’s stance on their recognition, with a particular focus on clarifying a referenced apparition of St. Michael at the Our Lady of the Universe Shrine in the Bronx in 1945.

Catholic Teachings on Angels: Intelligence, Free Will, and Powers

The Catholic Church’s teachings on angels are grounded in Sacred Scripture, Tradition, and the Magisterium, as articulated in the Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC). Angels are defined as “spiritual, non-corporeal beings” created by God, distinct from humans and the material world (CCC 328). They are pure spirits, possessing intelligence and free will, which enable them to serve as intermediaries between God and humanity. Their intelligence is not bound by the limitations of human cognition; it is intuitive and direct, allowing them to comprehend divine truths without the need for discursive reasoning. St. Thomas Aquinas, a pivotal figure in angelic theology, explains that angels possess a higher degree of knowledge than humans, derived from their direct participation in divine light.

Angels also possess free will, a gift that enables them to choose obedience to God or rebellion, as evidenced by the fall of Lucifer and other angels (CCC 391–395). This free will underscores their moral responsibility and capacity for love and service. The powers of angels are vast, encompassing the ability to act upon the material world, influence human events, and execute God’s will. These powers include protection, guidance, healing, and the transmission of divine messages, as seen in the roles of Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael. The Church teaches that angels operate under God’s authority, their actions always aligned with His divine plan (CCC 350).

The angelic hierarchy, as articulated by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite in the fifth century and later refined by Aquinas, organizes angels into nine choirs, grouped into three triads: Seraphim, Cherubim, and Thrones (first triad, devoted to worship); Dominions, Virtues, and Powers (second triad, governing the universe); and Principalities, Archangels, and Angels (third triad, mediating between God and humanity). The archangels, belonging to the second-lowest choir, are particularly significant for their direct engagement with human affairs.

 The Archangels in Sacred Scripture

 St. Michael the Archangel

St. Michael, whose name means “Who is like God?” (from Hebrew Mikha’el), is depicted as the leader of the heavenly host and a warrior against evil. His scriptural appearances underscore his role as a protector and defender. In the Book of Daniel, he is called “one of the chief princes” and the “great prince” who guards Israel (Daniel 10:13, 12:1). The Epistle of Jude references Michael disputing with Satan over the body of Moses, illustrating his authority to rebuke evil (Jude 1:9). Most vividly, the Book of Revelation describes Michael leading the angelic army against Satan, casting the dragon and his followers out of heaven (Revelation 12:7–9). Catholic tradition assigns Michael four primary roles: leader of God’s army, escort of souls at death, champion of the Church, and guide to heavenly judgment.

 St. Gabriel the Archangel

Gabriel, meaning “God is my strength” (from Hebrew Gavri’el), is the messenger par excellence. In the Old Testament, he appears to the prophet Daniel to interpret visions (Daniel 8:16, 9:21). In the New Testament, Gabriel delivers pivotal announcements: to Zechariah, foretelling the birth of John the Baptist (Luke 1:11–19), and to the Virgin Mary, proclaiming the Incarnation (Luke 1:26–38). His role in the Annunciation underscores his significance as the herald of the Messiah. Gabriel is often depicted in Christian iconography with a lily, symbolizing Mary’s purity, or holding a lantern and mirror, representing his fidelity in transmitting God’s will.

 St. Raphael the Archangel

Raphael, whose name means “God heals” (from Hebrew Rafa’el), appears in the Book of Tobit, where he guides Tobias on a journey, delivers Sarah from a demon, and heals Tobit’s blindness (Tobit 5–12). Revealing himself as “one of the seven angels who stand before the Lord” (Tobit 12:15), Raphael exemplifies God’s providence and care. Tradition also identifies him with the angel who stirred the healing waters at the pool of Bethesda (John 5:1–4). Raphael is the patron of travelers, the sick, and medical professionals, often depicted with a staff, fish, or flask, symbolizing his guidance and healing.

 Other Archangels: Uriel and the Church’s Stance

While Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael are the only archangels named in canonical Scripture, apocryphal texts such as the Book of Enoch mention others, including Uriel, Raguel, Sariel, and Remiel. Uriel, meaning “God is my light,” appears in Jewish traditions and some Christian apocrypha as an angel of wisdom or repentance. However, the Catholic Church restricts veneration to the three archangels named in Scripture, as decreed by Pope Zachary in 745 and reaffirmed at the Synod of Aix-la-Chapelle in 789. These rulings rejected names from non-canonical sources to prevent abuses in angelic devotion. Thus, while Uriel and others are acknowledged in certain traditions, the Church does not liturgically honor them, emphasizing the scriptural foundation for Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael.

 Historical Development of Archangel Veneration

The veneration of archangels emerged in the early centuries of Christianity, drawing from Jewish traditions. Michael’s cult was particularly prominent in the East, where he was revered as “Archistrategos” (prince of the heavenly militia). By the fifth century, his devotion spread to the West, spurred by apparitions and the establishment of shrines. Gabriel and Raphael, though less prominent initially, gained recognition through their scriptural roles. The Church in the West formalized their veneration through liturgical feasts, with Michael’s feast on September 29 becoming a cornerstone of angelic devotion.

 Apparitions of St. Michael

Monte Gargano Apparition (490–493 AD)

One of the most significant apparitions of St. Michael occurred at Monte Gargano in Puglia, Italy, beginning in 490 AD. According to tradition, a wealthy landowner searched for a lost bull and found it kneeling in a cave. When he shot an arrow at the animal, it miraculously returned and wounded him. The local bishop, Lawrence Maiorano of Siponto, was informed and, after three days of prayer, Michael appeared in a dream, declaring the cave sacred and requesting its dedication to Christian worship. This apparition, known as the “bull episode,” marked the establishment of the Sanctuary of Monte Sant’Angelo, a unique site not consecrated by human hands. Subsequent apparitions at the same location included Michael’s promise of victory to the Lombards against the Byzantines (circa 663) and his protection during a plague in 1656, when Bishop Alfonso Puccinelli’s prayers led to the distribution of cave stones as sacramentals against disease. The feast of the Apparition of St. Michael, celebrated on May 8, commemorates these events, initially tied to the 663 victory but later focused on the original apparition.

 Mont Saint-Michel (708 AD)

Another notable apparition occurred in 708 AD at Mont-Tombe (now Mont Saint-Michel) in Normandy, France. St. Michael appeared to Bishop Aubert of Avranches, instructing him to build an oratory on the rocky islet. According to legend, Aubert hesitated until Michael touched his skull, leaving a mark preserved in Avranches Cathedral. The resulting abbey became a major pilgrimage site, aligned with a “Sacred Line” of Michaelite shrines stretching from Ireland to Israel. These apparitions reinforced Michael’s role as a protector and patron of sacred spaces.

 Other Apparitions

St. Michael is also associated with apparitions in other contexts, such as his reported appearances to Joan of Arc in the 15th century, guiding her mission to defend France, and to the children of Fatima in 1916, teaching them a prayer of adoration and repentance. In Garabandal, Spain (1961–1965), four young girls claimed Michael announced the Virgin Mary’s appearances, though the Church has neither approved nor condemned these events.

 The Our Lady of the Universe Shrine in the Bronx (1945 AD)

In 1945, a reported apparition or spiritual event involving St. Michael was linked to the Our Lady of the Universe Shrine in the Bronx, a 20th-century site primarily dedicated to the Virgin Mary. This event unfolded when nine-year-old Joseph Vitolo, a local boy of Italian immigrant descent, claimed to have witnessed a vision of the Virgin Mary on October 29, 1945, in a vacant lot near his home on Villa Avenue. Amidst the post-World War II spiritual fervor, Vitolo reported that St. Michael appeared alongside the Virgin Mary, offering a message of peace and strength. This experience, while not officially recognized by the Church, drew significant attention, with Vitolo’s account inspiring a gathering of thousands, including up to 30,000 people by the 16th night of the apparitions. Local tradition suggests that St. Michael’s presence was felt as a protector during these events, aligning with his role as a guardian in Catholic devotion. The shrine, established on the site of Vitolo’s vision, became a focal point for prayer, with the young visionary leading nightly rosary prayers until November 14, 1945. Although the Church has not authenticated the apparition, Vitolo’s experience contributed to the shrine’s reputation as a place of pilgrimage, reflecting the enduring appeal of St. Michael as a figure of divine intercession in times of uncertainty. (see: www.ourladyoftheuniverse.com)

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 The Feast of September 29: Michaelmas and the Archangels

The feast of September 29, historically known as Michaelmas, originated in the fifth century with the dedication of a basilica to St. Michael on the Via Salaria in Rome, known as “in Septimo.” This basilica, a pilgrimage destination until the ninth century, established September 29 as a day to honor Michael and all angels. By the Middle Ages, Michaelmas was a major feast, often a holy day of obligation, coinciding with the Germanic “quarter” celebration marking the end of harvest and legal assemblies. Customs included fairs, parades, and the consumption of “St. Michael’s wine” in regions like Denmark.

In 1969, the liturgical reforms of the Second Vatican Council combined the individual feasts of Michael (September 29), Gabriel (March 24), and Raphael (October 24) into a single Feast of the Holy Archangels on September 29. This feast emphasizes their collective roles as God’s messengers, protectors, and healers. The liturgy includes readings such as Daniel 7:9–10, 13–14 (depicting the heavenly court) or Revelation 12:7–12 (Michael’s battle with Satan), with Psalm 138 praising angelic worship. The Entrance Antiphon (Psalm 103:20) and Preface glorify God through the angels’ service.

 The Feast of the Apparition of St. Michael (May 8)

The feast of May 8 commemorates St. Michael’s apparition at Monte Gargano in 490 AD. Initially tied to the Lombard victory of 663, attributed to Michael’s intercession, it later focused on the original apparition. Celebrated widely in the Western Church until 1960, it remains a local feast in some regions, such as the diocese of Truro in England, where Michael is a patron of Cornwall. The feast underscores Michael’s role as a protector and the sanctity of the Monte Sant’Angelo shrine, a UNESCO World Heritage site.

 Devotions to the Archangels

The Chaplet of St. Michael

The Chaplet of St. Michael, a prominent devotion, originated in 1751 through a private revelation to Antonia d’Astonac, a Portuguese Carmelite nun. St. Michael reportedly instructed her to honor him with nine salutations, one for each angelic choir, promising an escort of angels for those who recite it before Holy Communion and ongoing assistance for daily practitioners. Approved by Pope Pius IX in 1851, the chaplet involves an introductory prayer (“O God, come to my assistance”), followed by one Our Father and three Hail Marys after each salutation, concluding with prayers to Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, and one’s guardian angel. This devotion emphasizes Michael’s leadership and intercessory power.

 Other Devotions

Devotions to St. Michael include the well-known prayer composed by Pope Leo XIII in 1884, following a vision of spiritual warfare: “Saint Michael the Archangel, defend us in battle…” This prayer, once recited after Low Masses, remains popular for protection against evil. Medals and statues of Michael, often depicting him defeating Satan, are common sacramentals. For Gabriel, devotions focus on his role in the Annunciation, with prayers seeking his intercession for clarity in discerning God’s will. Raphael’s devotees pray the “Chaplet of St. Raphael” for healing and safe travel, often invoking his patronage over the sick. The rosary, particularly the Joyful Mysteries, fosters devotion to Gabriel, while prayers for healing align with Raphael’s mission.

 Cultural and Patronal Devotions

St. Michael is the patron of soldiers, police, and the Vatican Gendarmerie, reflecting his protective role. Gabriel is the patron of messengers, postal workers, and broadcasters, while Raphael protects travelers, the sick, and medical professionals. Shrines like Mont Saint-Michel and Monte Sant’Angelo continue to draw pilgrims, with Michael’s intercession sought for spiritual and physical protection.

 Conclusion

The archangels Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael stand as powerful witnesses to God’s presence, providence, and protection in Catholic theology and devotion. Rooted in Scripture and enriched by Tradition, their roles as warrior, messenger, and healer resonate through history, apparitions, and liturgical celebrations. The feasts of September 29 and May 8 encapsulate centuries of veneration, from the ancient basilica in Rome to the sacred cave of Monte Gargano. Catholic teachings affirm angels as intelligent, free-willed beings with divine powers, serving as God’s intermediaries. While devotions like the Chaplet of St. Michael deepen the faithful’s connection to these celestial beings, the Church’s rejection of non-canonical archangels like Uriel underscores its commitment to scriptural fidelity. The erroneous reference to a 1045 apparition in the Bronx highlights the need for historical accuracy in studying angelic traditions. Through prayer, liturgy, and pilgrimage, the archangels continue to inspire and guide the faithful, reminding them of the invisible reality of God’s heavenly host.

 Sources

- Catechism of the Catholic Church. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1994.

- Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologica. Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. New York: Benziger Bros., 1947.

- Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite. The Celestial Hierarchy. Translated by John Parker. London: James Parker and Co., 1894.

- The Holy Bible, Revised Standard Version, Catholic Edition. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1966.

- Roman Missal. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2011.

- Johnson, Richard Freeman. Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2005.

-Our Lady of the Universe

- Weiser, Francis X. Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1958.

- Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy. Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments. Vatican City, 2001.

26th Sunday in Ordinary Time: Faith Demands Action

The Catholic Mass readings for September 28, 2025, the Twenty-Sixth Sunday in Ordinary Time, Year C, offer a powerful reflection on justice, compassion, and the call to live a life of faith that actively responds to the needs of others. The readings are Amos 6:1a, 4-7; Psalm 146:7, 8-9, 9-10; 1 Timothy 6:11-16; and Luke 16:19-31. Below is a reflection based on these readings.

The readings for the Twenty-Sixth Sunday in Ordinary Time challenge us to examine our priorities and how we respond to the suffering around us. They call us to move beyond complacency and self-interest, urging us to live with justice, mercy, and fidelity to God’s commandments.

The first reading from Amos 6:1a, 4-7 delivers a stark warning to those who live in comfort while ignoring the suffering of others. The prophet Amos condemns the wealthy who indulge in luxury—lying on ivory beds, feasting on fine foods, and drinking wine from bowls—while remaining indifferent to the "collapse of Joseph," a reference to the suffering of God’s people. Their self-absorption leads to exile, a consequence of their failure to heed God’s call to justice. This reading reminds us that wealth and comfort are not inherently wrong, but they become sinful when they blind us to the needs of the poor and vulnerable. It prompts us to ask: Are we aware of the suffering around us, or are we too comfortable in our own lives to notice?

The responsorial Psalm 146:7, 8-9, 9-10 echoes this theme of God’s care for the marginalized. It praises the Lord who “secures justice for the oppressed, gives food to the hungry,” and “sets prisoners free.” The psalm invites us to align our hearts with God’s heart, to see the world through His eyes, and to act with compassion toward those in need. It’s a call to trust in God’s faithfulness and to participate in His mission of lifting up the lowly.

In the second reading, 1 Timothy 6:11-16, Paul exhorts Timothy to pursue “righteousness, godliness, faith, love, steadfastness, gentleness” and to “fight the good fight of faith.” This passage emphasizes the active nature of Christian life. Faith is not passive; it requires us to strive for virtue and to remain faithful to God’s commandments until Christ’s return. Paul’s charge to Timothy is a reminder that our faith must shape our actions, directing us toward a life of integrity and service, even in the face of worldly temptations or distractions.

The Gospel from Luke 16:19-31, the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, brings these themes into sharp focus. The rich man, who lives in luxury, ignores Lazarus, a poor man covered in sores lying at his gate. Both die, and their fates are reversed: Lazarus is carried to Abraham’s bosom, while the rich man suffers in torment. The rich man’s sin is not his wealth but his indifference—he fails to see or help Lazarus, despite his obvious need. The parable underscores that faith demands action. As Abraham tells the rich man, his brothers have “Moses and the prophets” to guide them, yet they, like the rich man, risk ignoring God’s call to compassion. Even a dramatic sign, like someone rising from the dead, will not convince those who harden their hearts.

This parable challenges us to reflect on who the “Lazarus” figures are in our lives—those we might overlook because of our busyness, comfort, or self-centeredness. It calls us to open our eyes and hearts to the poor, the marginalized, and the suffering, recognizing that our response to them reflects our relationship with God. The readings together remind us that Christian discipleship is not just about personal piety but about living out God’s justice and mercy in tangible ways.

Purgatory in Light of the Readings: The Gospel’s depiction of the rich man’s torment and Lazarus’ rest in Abraham’s bosom invites reflection on the Catholic teaching of purgatory. Purgatory is a state of purification for those who die in God’s grace but are not yet fully perfected in love and holiness (Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1030-1032). The rich man’s suffering in the Gospel, while traditionally understood as a depiction of hell, can also prompt us to consider the purifying suffering of purgatory for those who have lived imperfectly but are still destined for heaven. Unlike the rich man, whose fate seems fixed due to his unrepentant indifference, souls in purgatory are assured of salvation but undergo cleansing to prepare for the fullness of God’s presence. This teaching reminds us of God’s mercy, offering hope that our imperfections can be purified through His grace. The parable also underscores the urgency of living justly and compassionately in this life, as our choices have eternal consequences. 

We are called to pray for the souls in purgatory, especially through acts of charity and offering Masses, trusting that God’s mercy continues to work in their purification. This connects to the readings’ emphasis on justice and compassion, urging us to act now to alleviate suffering, both for the living and for those in purgatory who rely on our prayers.These readings call us to conversion—to turn away from selfishness and toward a life of generosity, compassion, and fidelity to God’s will. We might ask: How do I respond to the needs around me? Am I complacent, like the wealthy in Amos’ time, or indifferent, like the rich man? Do I pursue the virtues Paul describes? The call to pray for the souls in purgatory further deepens our responsibility to live in solidarity with others, both in this life and beyond.

As we reflect on these readings, we might ask ourselves: How do I respond to the needs around me? Am I complacent, like the wealthy in Amos’ time, or indifferent, like the rich man in the Gospel? Do I pursue the virtues Paul describes, actively seeking to live out my faith? The readings call us to conversion—to turn away from selfishness and toward a life of generosity, compassion, and fidelity to God’s will.

Prayer: Lord, open my eyes to see those in need around me. Grant me a heart of compassion and the courage to act with justice and love. Help me to pursue righteousness and godliness, trusting in Your grace to guide me. May I live each day in a way that honors You and lifts up the poor and suffering. Amen.

 

20 Years of God Laughs

A Letter to My Nephew on His 20th Birthday: A Journey Through Time

Today, as I sit down to write this, my heart feels like it’s about to burst. You, my incredible nephew, are turning 20. Twenty years old. It’s a number that feels so big, so grown-up, that it almost doesn’t seem real. How did we get here? How did the tiny, giggling baby I held in my arms become this strong, brilliant young man? Time is a thief, slipping away when you’re not looking, but it’s also a gift, because it’s given me two decades of memories with you—memories that I’ll carry forever. As I think about you turning 20, I’m flooded with images of you as a baby, a toddler, a kid, and now, a man. You’ve always been the best boy in the world, a true blessing from God, a living embodiment of “God laughs” with your infectious humor and joy. This is for you, a love letter to the past, a celebration of the present, and a promise for the future.

 The First Glimpse: A Dancing Star

I’ll never forget the first time I saw you. You weren’t even born yet, just a blurry, black-and-white image on an ultrasound screen, but you were already stealing the show. There you were, bouncing around in your mom’s belly like you were practicing for the Olympics. Kicking, flipping, jumping—you were a little acrobat, full of energy and life. I remember laughing with your parents, joking that you were going to come out running. That ultrasound was my first glimpse of your spirit, your zest, your refusal to sit still. Even then, I knew you were going to be something special. I couldn’t wait to meet you, to hold you, to see what kind of person this tiny, dancing star would become. Spoiler alert: you were everything I hoped for and more.

When you finally arrived, I was over the moon. You were this perfect little bundle, with big, curious eyes and a smile that could light up the darkest room. I remember holding you for the first time, feeling the weight of you in my arms, so small but so full of potential. You were like a promise—a promise of joy, of love, of a future I couldn’t wait to be part of. I wanted to give you the world right then and there, starting with something small but meaningful: your first outfits.

 Dressing the Coolest Kid

I couldn’t resist going all out when I went shopping for you. I wanted you to look as cool as you deserved, so I picked out a jean jacket suit—oh, man, you were the sharpest baby on the block in that tiny denim ensemble. The little jacket, the matching pants, it was like you were ready to star in a baby fashion show. I’d put you in it and laugh, picturing you strutting around like a miniature rockstar. And then there was the Harley-Davidson outfit, complete with a faux-leather jacket and pants. You were barely able to sit up, but you looked like you were about to hop on a motorcycle and ride off into the sunset. I’d tease your mom, saying, “This kid’s gonna be trouble—in the best way.” Those outfits were my way of saying, “You’re gonna be a legend, kid.” And every day since, you’ve proved me right.

Those early days were pure magic. You were the happiest baby I’ve ever known, always ready with a smile that could melt even the grumpiest heart. Your giggles were like music, bubbling up from somewhere deep inside you, like you knew something the rest of us didn’t. I’d spend hours just watching you, marveling at how someone so small could bring so much joy. You had this way of looking at the world, wide-eyed and full of wonder, that made me see everything differently. Through your eyes, the world was brighter, funnier, more alive.

 Shoulder Rides and Silly Games

One of my favorite memories is playing with you when you were a toddler. I’d hoist you onto my shoulder, where you’d perch like a little king surveying his kingdom. You loved being up there, your tiny hands gripping my hair or patting my face. My favorite game was pretending I couldn’t find you. “Where’s my nephew?” I’d say, looking around dramatically, peering under the couch or behind the curtains while you were right there on my shoulder. You’d lean down, your face inches from mine, with this look that said, “What are you, stupid? I’m right here!” Those big, expressive eyes of yours were so full of mischief and intelligence, and I’d burst out laughing every time. You were barely two, but you already had a sense of humor that could rival any grown-up’s.

Those shoulder rides were our thing. You’d giggle and squeal, your little legs kicking with excitement as I paraded you around the house or the backyard. Sometimes you’d lean down and plant a sloppy kiss on my cheek, and my heart would melt. Those moments were so simple, but they’re etched in my memory forever—proof that the best things in life don’t cost a thing, just time and love.

 My Mini-Me: Shared Loves and Laughter

You’ve always been my mini-me, and not just because you’d steal my hats or mimic my goofy faces. It was the way you loved the same things I did, like we were cut from the same cloth. I grew up glued to cartoons like Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Animaniacs, and Looney Tunes, and when I saw you fall in love with them too, it was like reliving my childhood. We’d sit on the couch, you snuggled up next to me, laughing at the same silly moments—Bugs Bunny outsmarting Elmer Fudd or the Warners driving everyone nuts. You’d quote lines back to me, your little voice trying to mimic Yakko’s sarcasm or Michelangelo’s “Cowabunga!” We had our own little club, just you and me, bonded by cartoons and laughter.

And then there was your love for the Yankees. Oh, kid, you were born with pinstripes in your blood. Even as a tiny guy, you’d cheer for them with a passion that matched mine, waving your little fists when they hit a home run or groaning when they struck out. I’d put a tiny Yankees cap on your head, and you’d wear it proudly, even if it kept slipping over your eyes. We’d watch games together, you perched on my lap, munching on snacks and yelling at the TV like you were the coach. I remember one game when you were about four, and you turned to me after a big play and said, “Uncle, we’re gonna win the World Series!” Your confidence was infectious, and I believed you, because you made everything feel possible.

 The Library Kid: A Love for Learning

Your love for the library was another thing that made you so special. While other kids might’ve been bored by books, you couldn’t get enough. I’d take you to the library, and you’d toddle through the stacks, pulling out books faster than I could keep up. Picture books, chapter books, even those big, heavy encyclopedias—you wanted them all. You’d sit on the floor, flipping through pages, “reading” in your own way long before you could actually read. I’d watch you, amazed at how focused you were, how hungry for knowledge.

That summer you won the library’s reading contest? I was the proudest uncle on the planet. You were so little, maybe six or seven, but you devoured books like they were candy. You’d keep track of every page, every story, determined to come out on top. When they handed you that shiny certificate, you held it up with the biggest grin, your eyes sparkling with pride. I still have a picture of that moment, tucked away in a drawer, and every time I look at it, I’m reminded of your determination, your love for learning, and how you made everyone around you so proud.

School was where you really started to shine. You weren’t just smart—you were curious, always asking “why” and “how,” always digging deeper. I’d hear stories from your teachers about your science fair projects that blew everyone away, your essays that made them tear up, your math skills that left them scratching their heads. You had a way of making hard things look easy, but I knew how much effort you put in behind the scenes. You’d come home with awards for everything—academics, citizenship, even sports—and I’d tease you, calling you a “professional overachiever.” You’d just shrug and flash that cheeky grin, like you were saying, “Yeah, I’m kind of a big deal.” But you never let it go to your head. You were always humble, always ready to help a friend or share the spotlight.

 The Funniest Kid I Know

Your sense of humor has always been one of my favorite things about you. You’ve got this wit that’s sharp as a tack, and you’ve been cracking me up since you could talk. I remember when you were about five, and you decided to “reorganize” my toolbox because you thought it’d be funny to hide all my screwdrivers. I spent an hour looking for them, only to find you giggling behind the couch, proud of your prank. You looked up at me with those big eyes and said, “Gotcha, Uncle!” and I couldn’t even be mad.

Then there was the time you declared you were going to be a “professional dinosaur hunter” when you grew up. You had this whole plan involving a lasso, a skateboard, and a bucket of chicken nuggets to lure the dinosaurs. You explained it to me with such seriousness, your little hands gesturing wildly, that I had to bite my lip to keep from laughing. But I loved it—your imagination, your creativity, the way you could make any moment an adventure.

Even your little antics kept me on my toes. Like the time you “helped” me cook dinner and ended up covering the kitchen in flour because you thought it’d make the pancakes “extra fluffy.” Or when you’d sneak into my room and “borrow” my hats, strutting around like you were the coolest kid on the block (which, let’s be honest, you were). I’d find you wearing my old baseball cap backward, striking poses in the mirror, and I’d laugh until my sides hurt. Even now, at 20, you’ve still got that spark, that ability to make everyone around you smile with a quick quip or a silly story.

 The Quiet Moments

It wasn’t just the funny moments that stuck with me—it was the quiet ones too. I remember when you’d crawl into my lap after a long day, your little head resting on my chest, your breathing slow and steady. Those moments felt like time stood still, like the world could wait while we just existed together. I’d tell you stories—silly ones about pirates or superheroes—and you’d listen, your eyes wide, hanging on every word. Sometimes you’d fall asleep, and I’d just sit there, holding you, feeling like the luckiest uncle in the world.

There were nights when we’d sit outside, looking at the stars, and you’d ask me big questions about life, the universe, everything. Even as a kid, you had this way of thinking deeply, of wanting to understand the world. I’d do my best to answer, but sometimes I’d just say, “Kid, you’re gonna figure it all out someday.” And you have. You’re out there now, chasing your dreams, asking those same big questions, and finding your own answers.

 Time Flies, But Love Stays

As I write this, I can’t help but feel a pang of nostalgia for how fast time has flown. It seems like just yesterday you were that happy baby, giggling on my shoulder, wearing that tiny Harley-Davidson outfit like a boss. Now you’re 20, standing tall, carving your own path. I look at you and see the same spark I saw in that ultrasound, the same joy that lit up your face as a baby, the same curiosity that drove you to win that reading contest. But I also see so much more—a young man with a heart of gold, a mind that’s always learning, and a sense of humor that makes every moment brighter.

You’ve accomplished so much already. From acing your college classes to landing that internship you worked so hard for, you’re making your mark on the world. But it’s not just the big wins that make me proud—it’s the little things too. The way you call to check in on me, the way you make time for your family, the way you still laugh at the same dumb jokes we’ve been telling for years. You’re kind, you’re thoughtful, and you’re one of the best people I know.

You’re a blessing, plain and simple. I’ve always thought of you as “God laughs,” not just because of your humor, but because you bring joy to everyone who knows you. You’re proof that the best things in life aren’t planned—they just happen, like a perfect, unexpected gift. As you step into this new decade of your life, know that I’m here, cheering you on, just like I did when you were a baby bouncing on my shoulder. You’re still my mini-me, my partner in crime, and the best boy in the world.

Happy 20th birthday, kid. Here’s to you, to all the memories we’ve made, and to the countless more we’ll share. I love you more than words can say, and I’m so grateful to be your uncle.

With all my love,  

Your Uncle  

 

The Dropped Charges Against Brianna J. Rivers: A Case of Injustice in New York City

The Dropped Charges Against Brianna J. Rivers: A Case of Injustice in New York City

On April 3, 2025, a shocking incident unfolded on the streets of Harlem, New York City, when Savannah Craven Antao, a 23-year-old Catholic pro-life activist and journalist, was violently assaulted during a street interview. The assailant, later identified as Brianna J. Rivers, punched Antao in the face, leaving her bloodied and requiring stitches. The attack, captured on video, sparked widespread outrage, particularly within the Catholic and pro-life communities, due to its unprovoked nature and the subsequent failure of the Manhattan District Attorney’s office, led by Alvin Bragg, to pursue justice. The charges against Rivers, initially filed as second-degree felony assault, were downgraded to a misdemeanor and then quietly dismissed, raising serious questions about accountability, justice, and the state of law enforcement in New York City. This 4,000-word post will delve into the details of the incident, the victim’s background, the mishandling of the case by the DA’s office, the reactions from the Catholic and pro-life communities, and the broader implications of a justice system that appears to give criminals a free pass in a city plagued by rising crime.

 What Happened: The Assault on Savannah Craven Antao

Savannah Craven Antao was no stranger to public activism. A devout Catholic and committed pro-life advocate, she had spent years engaging in street interviews to discuss issues surrounding abortion, often working with organizations like Live Action, a prominent pro-life advocacy group. On that fateful Thursday in April 2025, Antao was conducting one of her routine “man-on-the-street” interviews in Harlem, asking passersby a simple question: “Do you know what Planned Parenthood does?” The goal was to spark dialogue about the organization’s role in providing abortions and to challenge public perceptions about the procedure. Antao’s approach was conversational, rooted in her belief that open discourse could change hearts and minds.

During one such interview, Antao encountered Brianna J. Rivers, a 30-year-old Bronx resident who initially appeared willing to engage. The conversation began cordially, with Rivers expressing her pro-choice views. Both women reportedly agreed on certain points, such as the importance of alternatives to abortion like adoption and safe sex practices. However, the discussion took a dark turn when Rivers made a provocative statement, suggesting that killing children in foster care was preferable to allowing them to live in undesirable circumstances. Antao, taken aback, repeated the statement to clarify, saying, “I’m not the one who admitted they would be okay with killing babies in foster care and killing children that have been abused.” This comment appeared to enrage Rivers, who responded by shouting, “That’s not the point!” before launching a sudden and violent attack.

In a matter of seconds, Rivers struck Antao in the face with a closed fist, followed by a second blow using her mobile phone. The assault, captured on video by Antao’s husband, Henry, who was filming the interview, left Antao reeling. Blood streamed down her face from a laceration above her eyebrow, and she was visibly shaken. Rivers, after delivering the blows, walked away from the scene, shouting profanities and raising both middle fingers in a gesture of defiance. Henry Antao immediately intervened to protect his wife, shielding her from further harm, and the couple called 911 to report the incident. Despite providing the police with a description of the assailant and photographic evidence, Rivers initially evaded capture. Antao was taken to a hospital, where she received two stitches for her injuries and incurred over $3,000 in medical bills. The psychological toll was significant, with Antao later describing the trauma of repeatedly seeing the viral video of her assault on social media.

The incident quickly gained attention, with the video circulating widely online, amassing millions of views. Lila Rose, the founder and president of Live Action, condemned the attack, praising Antao’s bravery and emphasizing that no one should face violence for exercising their First Amendment rights. Antao herself, despite her injuries, expressed a remarkable degree of compassion, stating that she believed Rivers was “hurting inside” and that she would pray for her attacker’s peace. This response reflected Antao’s deep Catholic faith, which has long informed her pro-life activism, particularly her concern for the disproportionate number of Black and brown babies aborted in New York City.

 The Arrest and Initial Charges

Days after the assault, on April 10, 2025, Antao announced via Instagram that Brianna J. Rivers had been arrested by the New York Police Department’s 28th Precinct. Rivers was charged with one count of second-degree assault, a felony that carries a potential sentence of up to seven years in prison. The arrest was seen as a step toward justice, with many in the pro-life community hopeful that the clear video evidence would ensure a conviction. Rivers, however, took to social media to defend herself, posting on Facebook that she “sincerely apologized” for the assault but accused Antao of being a “professional antagonist” rather than a reporter. She claimed that Antao had provoked her with “relentless antagonization” and demanded the release of unedited footage to provide context for her actions. Rivers also launched a GoFundMe campaign to raise $25,000 for her legal defense, but the platform removed it for violating its terms of service, which prohibit fundraising for alleged violent crimes. Additionally, Rivers reported losing her job as a result of the incident, further fueling her narrative of victimhood.

The Catholic and pro-life communities rallied around Antao, with organizations like Students for Life and Live Action amplifying her story. Social media posts from prominent figures, such as Lila Rose and Kathryn Lopez, highlighted the violence faced by pro-life activists and linked it to broader tensions surrounding abortion debates. Antao’s husband, Henry, issued a statement emphasizing their commitment to the pro-life cause, noting that ending abortion was “the most important issue of our lifetime.” The incident was framed not only as an attack on Antao but as an assault on free speech and the right to engage in peaceful dialogue about contentious issues.

 The DA’s Mishandling and Dismissal of Charges

Despite the clear evidence and the initial felony charge, the case against Brianna J. Rivers unraveled in a manner that left Antao and her supporters stunned. Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg’s office, responsible for prosecuting the case, failed to pursue it with the diligence expected in such a high-profile incident. According to Antao, after Rivers’ arrest, the DA’s office downgraded the charge from second-degree felony assault to a misdemeanor. This decision was made despite indisputable video evidence showing the unprovoked nature of the attack and the significant injuries sustained by Antao. The downgrade was particularly galling given that the assault resulted in a hospital visit, stitches, and substantial medical expenses, all of which supported the original felony charge.

The situation worsened when, on July 23, 2025, the misdemeanor charge was quietly dismissed on speedy trial grounds, reportedly due to the prosecution’s failure to file a certificate of readiness. This procedural lapse meant that the case was not prepared for trial within the legally mandated timeframe, allowing Rivers to walk free without facing any criminal consequences. Antao and her legal team, represented by the Thomas More Society, a nonprofit public interest law firm, were not informed of the dismissal in advance and received no communication from Bragg’s office despite multiple attempts to seek updates through texts, emails, and phone calls. Antao later revealed that the prosecutor assigned to her case was not even admitted to the New York Bar, operating instead under a “student practice rule” typically reserved for minor offenses. This raised serious questions about the competence and priorities of the DA’s office in handling a case of such gravity.

The dismissal was particularly shocking given the public nature of the assault. The video, which had gone viral, provided irrefutable evidence of Rivers’ actions, making the case seemingly straightforward. Christopher Ferrara, senior counsel at the Thomas More Society, described the DA’s failure to prosecute as a “shocking refusal to uphold justice” that undermined confidence in the legal system. He argued that allowing such a clear-cut case to be dismissed set a dangerous precedent for how society responds to violence against those engaging in democratic dialogue. Antao echoed this sentiment, stating that the dismissal sent a message that “protecting people from violence was negotiable” and that political violence was being given a free pass.

 Reactions from the Catholic and Pro-Life Communities

The Catholic and pro-life communities responded with a mix of outrage, disappointment, and resolve. For many, the dismissal of charges was not just a failure of justice in Antao’s case but a symptom of broader systemic issues in New York City’s approach to crime. Social media platforms, particularly X, became a space for expressing frustration and calling for accountability. One user, posting under the handle @AGHamilton29, described the dismissal as “outrageous” and a “perfect example of why New York City is in so much trouble.” Another, @CRRJA5, highlighted the progression from felony to misdemeanor to complete dismissal as evidence of a “two-tier justice system” that favored criminals over victims. These sentiments were echoed by others who called on New York Governor Kathy Hochul to intervene, with one user, @lapatriot012, demanding that the assailant be arrested and questioning whether New York could continue to “deny the criminality” of such acts.

Catholic media outlets, such as Catholic News Agency and National Catholic Register, covered the story extensively, framing the incident as an attack on both pro-life activism and free speech. Daniel Payne, a senior editor at Catholic News Agency, reported on the Thomas More Society’s decision to file a civil lawsuit against Rivers, seeking punitive damages to hold her accountable where the criminal justice system had failed. The lawsuit was seen as a necessary step to ensure some measure of justice for Antao, with Ferrara stating, “Savannah’s assailant may have been spared criminal consequences by the Manhattan DA’s failure, but we will see to it that she faces accountability.” The Catholic community also drew parallels between Antao’s assault and other instances of violence against pro-life activists, such as the 2024 attack on two elderly pro-lifers in Baltimore, which similarly resulted in minimal consequences for the perpetrator.

Lila Rose, a prominent figure in the pro-life movement, continued to champion Antao’s cause, emphasizing the heroism of her work in the face of violence. In a post on X, Rose shared the viral video of the assault, calling attention to the brutality and urging supporters to stand against such acts. Kathryn Lopez, a Catholic journalist, connected the incident to the broader climate of hostility toward pro-life views, noting Antao’s statement that “abortion is violence, therefore it creates violence.” This perspective resonated deeply within the Catholic community, which sees abortion as a fundamental moral issue and views attacks on pro-life activists as an extension of the same disregard for human dignity.

The pro-life community also expressed frustration with the perceived double standard in how violence against their members is treated compared to other groups. One commenter on X, @CashLorenShow, argued that prosecutors must be held accountable for refusing to prosecute crimes, while @Teri_T1 suggested filing a civil suit against both Rivers and Bragg himself. These reactions reflected a growing sense of disillusionment with the justice system, particularly under Bragg’s leadership, which has been criticized for its handling of other high-profile cases, such as the prosecution of Daniel Penny and the dismissal of charges against pro-Palestinian protesters.

 No Accountability in NYC: A Free Pass for Criminals

The dismissal of charges against Brianna J. Rivers is not an isolated incident but part of a broader pattern in New York City, where critics argue that criminals are increasingly given a free pass to commit acts of violence and other crimes without facing meaningful consequences. Alvin Bragg, elected as Manhattan District Attorney in 2021, has faced significant scrutiny for his prosecutorial decisions, which many perceive as lenient toward offenders. His office’s handling of Antao’s case is seen as emblematic of a justice system that prioritizes political considerations over public safety and victim rights.

New York City has grappled with rising crime rates in recent years, with violent incidents in public spaces, such as subways and streets, becoming a growing concern for residents. The perception that criminals face little to no accountability has fueled frustration among New Yorkers, who point to cases like Antao’s as evidence of a broken system. The fact that a violent assault, captured on video and widely publicized, could result in no criminal consequences underscores the challenges of holding perpetrators accountable in a city where prosecutorial discretion often appears to favor leniency.

Bragg’s office has been accused of selective prosecution, with critics citing its aggressive pursuit of cases against figures like Daniel Penny, who was prosecuted for subduing a threatening subway passenger, while allowing cases like Rivers’ to be dismissed. This perceived double standard has led to accusations of a “two-tier justice system,” where political ideology influences prosecutorial decisions. For the Catholic and pro-life communities, this is particularly galling, as they feel targeted for their beliefs while perpetrators of violence against them face minimal repercussions.

The broader implications of this case extend beyond Antao’s personal experience. The failure to prosecute Rivers sends a dangerous message that violence against those expressing controversial views, particularly on issues like abortion, may go unpunished. This undermines the principles of free speech and public safety, creating an environment where individuals may feel emboldened to resort to physical aggression rather than engaging in dialogue. For pro-life activists, who often face hostility in public spaces, this precedent is deeply troubling, as it suggests that their safety is not a priority for those in power.

The Catholic community, in particular, sees this as a reflection of a broader cultural shift away from accountability and moral responsibility. The city’s high child poverty rate, exceeding the national average, and its status as a hub for abortion services, with Planned Parenthood performing thousands of procedures annually, are seen as interconnected with a justice system that fails to protect the vulnerable. Antao’s activism, rooted in her faith and her concern for marginalized communities, highlights the stakes of this issue, as she seeks to advocate for the unborn while facing physical and systemic opposition.

 The Path Forward: Seeking Justice Through Civil Action

In response to the dismissal of criminal charges, the Thomas More Society has taken up Antao’s cause, announcing plans to file a civil lawsuit against Brianna J. Rivers. The lawsuit seeks punitive damages to compensate Antao for her medical expenses, emotional trauma, and the broader impact of the assault on her life and work. This legal action represents a last resort for achieving accountability in a case where the criminal justice system failed. Ferrara emphasized that the lawsuit is not only about Antao’s individual experience but about challenging a system that allows political violence to go unchecked.

Antao herself remains undeterred, vowing to continue her pro-life activism despite the trauma of the assault and the disappointment of the dropped charges. Her resilience is bolstered by her faith and the support of her community, which has rallied around her through fundraising efforts and public statements. On X, Antao shared her determination to keep speaking out for the unborn, stating, “I will not be intimidated or silenced.” Her husband, Henry, has also been a steadfast supporter, using the incident to highlight the urgency of their mission to end abortion and protect human life.

The Catholic and pro-life communities are also calling for systemic change, urging elected officials to address the failures of the justice system. Posts on X have targeted Governor Kathy Hochul, demanding that she take action to ensure accountability for violent crimes. However, many express skepticism about the likelihood of reform, given the political climate in New York City and the state’s progressive leadership. The sense of frustration is palpable, with users like @DanaCotromano questioning whether the dismissal of charges signals to violent criminals that they can act with impunity.

 Conclusion

The case of Savannah Craven Antao and the dropped charges against Brianna J. Rivers is a stark reminder of the challenges facing New York City’s justice system. A young woman, peacefully exercising her right to free speech, was brutally assaulted, only to see her attacker walk free due to prosecutorial negligence. The Catholic and pro-life communities have responded with outrage, viewing the incident as part of a broader pattern of leniency toward criminals and hostility toward their values. The failure of Alvin Bragg’s office to pursue justice in this case underscores the perception that criminals in New York City have a free pass to commit acts of violence, particularly when the victims hold controversial views. As Antao and her supporters pursue civil action, they are fighting not only for personal accountability but for a society that upholds the principles of justice, free speech, and respect for human dignity. In a city where crime and division continue to rise, their struggle serves as a call to action for all who value fairness and accountability.

 Sources

- Catholic News Agency, “New York prosecutor drops charges against suspect in bloody assault on pro-life advocate,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/266793/new-york-prosecutor-drops-charges-against-suspect-in-bloody-assault-on-pro-life-advocate)

- SPUC, “Woman who attacked pro-life journalist is arrested, loses job and has GoFundMe removed,” April 17, 2025[](https://spuc.org.uk/woman-who-attacked-pro-life-journalist-is-arrested-loses-job-and-has-gofundme-removed/)

- Twitchy, “Pro-Life Advocate Who Was Assaulted on Camera in NYC Says DA Dropped Felony Charge Without Notice,” September 25, 2025[](https://twitchy.com/warren-squire/2025/09/25/charges-case-dropped-for-woman-who-struck-pro-lifer-savannah-antao-alvin-bragg-n2419535)

- Catholic News Agency, “Catholic pro-life activist assaulted in New York City during video interview,” April 4, 2025[](https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/263175/catholic-pro-life-activist-assaulted-in-new-york-city-during-video-interview)

- PRIMETIMER, “What happened to Savannah Craven Antao? Pro-life activist slams dismissed charges against alleged attacker,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.primetimer.com/news/what-happened-to-savannah-craven-antao-pro-life-activist-slams-dismissed-charges-against-alleged-attacker)

- SPUC, “Pro-life Catholic woman assaulted in New York in shocking act of pro-abortion violence,” April 8, 2025[](https://spuc.org.uk/pro-life-catholic-woman-assaulted-in-new-york-in-shocking-act-of-pro-abortion-violence/)

- Catholic World Report, “New York prosecutor drops charges against suspect in bloody assault on pro-life advocate,” September 25, 2025[](https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2025/09/26/new-york-prosecutor-drops-charges-against-suspect-in-bloody-assault-on-pro-life-advocate/)

- National Review, “Savannah Craven Antao: Pro-Life Activist Assaulted in New York City,” April 5, 2025[](https://www.nationalreview.com/news/pro-life-activist-assaulted-in-new-york-city-during-street-interview-on-abortion/)

- NDTV, “Pro-Life Activist Bloodied And Assaulted During Interview In New York City,” April 5, 2025[](https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pro-life-activist-bloodied-and-assaulted-during-interview-in-new-york-city-8094462)

- National Catholic Register, “Catholic Pro-Life Activist Assaulted in New York City During Video Interview,” April 4, 2025[](https://www.ncregister.com/cna/catholic-pro-life-activist-assaulted-in-new-york-city-during-video-interview)

- My Spirit FM, “New York prosecutor drops charges against suspect in bloody assault on pro-life advocate,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.myspiritfm.com/News?view=post&blogid=Catholic-News&articleid=288710)

- Townhall, “Alvin Bragg’s Office Quietly Dismissed Charges Against Woman Who Assaulted Pro-Life Activist,” September 26, 2025[](https://townhall.com/tipsheet/amy-curtis/2025/09/26/alvin-bragg-tosses-charges-against-woman-who-assaulted-nyc-pro-life-activist-n2663998)

- Catholic Telegraph, “Catholic pro-life activist assaulted in New York City during video interview,” April 4, 2025[](https://www.thecatholictelegraph.com/catholic-pro-life-activist-assaulted-in-new-york-city-during-video-interview/99903)

- HotAir, “DA Alvin Bragg’s Office Failed to Prosecute an Assault Caught on Video,” September 26, 2025[](https://hotair.com/john-s-2/2025/09/26/da-alvin-braggs-office-failed-to-prosecute-an-assault-caught-on-video-n3807223)

- Times of India, “‘Bruised, but blessed’: Pro-life reporter calls for justice after street assault in Harlem,” April 5, 2025[](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/bruised-but-blessed-pro-life-reporter-calls-for-justice-after-street-assault-in-harlem/articleshow/120024396.cms)

- My Christian Daily, “New York District Attorney Fails to Prosecute Violent Attack Against Pro-Lifer,” September 25, 2025[](https://mychristiandaily.com/new-york-district-attorney-fails-to-prosecute-violent-attack-against-pro-lifer/)

- National Catholic Register, “New York Prosecutor Drops Charges Against Suspect in Bloody Assault On Pro-Life Advocate,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.ncregister.com/cna/new-york-prosecutor-drops-charges-against-suspect-in-bloody-assault-on-pro-life-advocate)

- YouTube, “Pro-Life Journalist Attacked in NYC,” April 9, 2025[](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmqedST2KaE)

- National Review, “Manhattan DA Declines to Prosecute NYC Woman Who Punched Pro-Life Activist During Street Interview,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.nationalreview.com/news/manhattan-da-declines-to-prosecute-nyc-woman-who-punched-pro-life-activist-during-street-interview/)

- Daily Mail Online, “Pro-life activist left bloody after being punched in the face by enraged woman over abortion,” April 5, 2025[](https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-14574621/pro-life-activist-bloody-punched-woman-enraged-abortion-nyc.html)

- Live Action, “Pro-abortion woman reportedly arrested after assault on pro-life journalist,” April 3, 2025[](https://www.liveaction.org/news/pro-life-woman-assaulted-planned-parenthood)

- The Root, “Pro-Life Activist Attacked During Street Interview in New York,” April 8, 2025[](https://www.theroot.com/conservative-pro-life-activist-messes-around-and-finds-1851775264)

- Legal Insurrection, “Manhattan DA Bragg Drops Charges Against Suspect Who Attacked Pro-Life Activist,” September 26, 2025[](https://legalinsurrection.com/2025/09/manhattan-da-bragg-drops-charges-against-suspect-who-attacked-pro-life-activist/)

- The New York Sun, “Attacker in Viral Street Assault Walks Free After District Attorney Alvin Bragg’s Office Fails To Follow Through With Prosecution,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.nysun.com/article/attacker-in-viral-street-assault-walks-free-after-da-alvin-braggs-office-fails-to-follow-through-with-prosecution)

- RedState, “Pro-lifer Was Brutally Beaten by Pro-Abortionist - Alvin Bragg Just Dismissed the Case,” September 26, 2025[](https://redstate.com/jimthompson/2025/09/26/pro-lifer-was-bloodied-and-battered-by-pro-abortionist-alvin-bragg-dismissed-the-case-n2194425)

- X Post by @AGHamilton29, September 26, 2025

- X Post by @unlimited_ls, April 5, 2025

- X Post by @unlimited_ls, April 11, 2025

- X Post by @kathrynlopez, April 4, 2025

- X Post by @Sachinettiyil, April 3, 2025

- X Post by @simonateba, April 5, 2025

- X Post by @EliseStefanik, September 14, 2025

ICE Agent Shoves Ecuadorian Mother

The Incident at 26 Federal Plaza: A Case of Excessive Force and Immigration Enforcement

On September 25, 2025, a distressing incident unfolded at 26 Federal Plaza in Manhattan, New York City, a federal building that houses immigration courts, the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) field office, and other federal agencies, including those handling Social Security hearings. The event involved an ICE officer who was caught on video shoving an Ecuadorian mother, Monica Moreta-Galarza, against a wall and onto the ground in front of her two young children and a crowd of onlookers. The altercation, which quickly went viral on social media, sparked widespread outrage, led to the officer being relieved of his duties, and prompted calls for criminal prosecution. This post examines the details of the incident, the individuals involved, the aftermath, and the broader context of immigration enforcement at 26 Federal Plaza, while also offering an opinion on the legal and ethical implications of the event.

 What Happened: A Detailed Account

The incident occurred in the crowded hallways of 26 Federal Plaza, a focal point of the Trump administration’s aggressive immigration crackdown. Monica Moreta-Galarza, an Ecuadorian asylum seeker who arrived in the United States with her family in 2024, was at the federal building with her husband and two children—a daughter and a son—for an asylum hearing. The family had fled violence in Ecuador, seeking safety and legal status in the U.S. However, during the hearing, ICE agents detained Moreta-Galarza’s husband, separating him from his family in a chaotic scene.

Videos circulating on social media captured the heart-wrenching moments leading up to the altercation. In one clip, Moreta-Galarza and her daughter are seen clinging to her husband as masked ICE agents attempt to detain him. An agent can be heard saying, “Just grab her, pull her away,” while another grabs Moreta-Galarza’s hair to separate her from her husband. Her children, visibly distressed, watched as their father was taken away. Moreta-Galarza, overcome with grief and desperation, pleaded with the agents in Spanish, saying, “They are going to kill him,” referring to the dangers her husband would face if deported to Ecuador.

Moments later, in a separate video, Moreta-Galarza confronted an ICE officer in a hallway near an elevator bank. The officer, dressed in plain clothes with a badge around his neck, appeared dismissive, repeatedly saying “Adios” (Spanish for “goodbye”) as Moreta-Galarza begged for her husband’s release. She stated, “You guys don’t care about anything,” and at one point placed her hand on the officer’s chest, a gesture that appeared to be an emotional plea rather than an act of aggression. The officer responded by grabbing her, shoving her backward into a wall, and pushing her to the ground. As she lay on the floor, surrounded by her crying children and onlookers, including photographers and court officials, the officer stood over her, shouting for others to remove her from the building.

The incident left Moreta-Galarza shaken and physically harmed. She was taken to a hospital for evaluation, with concerns about possible head trauma from hitting the wall and floor. She later told reporters, “Over [in Ecuador], they beat us there too. I didn’t think I’d come here to the United States and the same thing would happen to me.” The videos, which spread rapidly online, drew condemnation from city officials, immigration advocates, and the public, who decried the officer’s use of excessive force and lack of compassion.

 The Individuals Involved

Monica Moreta-Galarza: The victim of the incident, Moreta-Galarza is an Ecuadorian mother who fled violence in her home country with her husband and two children, seeking asylum in the U.S. Her family’s ordeal at 26 Federal Plaza highlights the human toll of aggressive immigration enforcement policies. After the incident, she sought safety in the office of Representative Dan Goldman, who described her as traumatized but resilient.

The ICE Officer: The officer involved in the incident has not been publicly identified by name, per Department of Homeland Security (DHS) statements. Described as wearing plain clothes and a badge, he was recorded engaging in aggressive behavior, including pulling Moreta-Galarza’s hair and shoving her to the ground. Reports indicate this officer may have a history of volatile conduct, as court observers noted similar behavior, including forcibly separating a teenage girl from her father in a previous incident.

Key Public Figures:

- Representative Dan Goldman: A Democrat whose district includes 26 Federal Plaza, Goldman was a vocal critic of the officer’s actions. He provided refuge to Moreta-Galarza and her children in his office and called for disciplinary action from DHS Secretary Kristi Noem. Goldman, along with New York City Comptroller Brad Lander, referred the officer to U.S. Attorney General Pam Bondi and federal prosecutors for possible felony prosecution, citing excessive force and violation of Moreta-Galarza’s Fourth Amendment rights.

- Brad Lander: New York City’s comptroller and a frequent critic of ICE’s tactics, Lander was present at 26 Federal Plaza during the incident but did not witness it directly. He has been arrested twice at the facility for protesting ICE’s actions and attempting to inspect the holding cells on the 10th floor, which have been criticized for inhumane conditions. Lander condemned the officer’s actions as “lawless” and emphasized the need for accountability.

- Tricia McLaughlin: As DHS Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs, McLaughlin issued a statement condemning the officer’s conduct as “unacceptable and beneath the men and women of ICE.” She confirmed that the officer was relieved of his duties pending a full investigation.

 Update on the ICE Agent SEPT 26, 2025

Following the viral spread of the videos, the Department of Homeland Security acted swiftly, announcing on September 26, 2025, that the ICE officer involved was “relieved of his current duties” pending a full investigation. DHS spokesperson Tricia McLaughlin emphasized that ICE officers are held to “the highest professional standards” and that the officer’s behavior was unacceptable. However, it remains unclear whether the officer has been fully terminated or reassigned to other duties within ICE, as the agency has not provided further clarification.

City officials, including Goldman and Lander, have argued that relieving the officer of duties is insufficient. They have called for criminal prosecution, citing the officer’s use of excessive force and potential violation of Moreta-Galarza’s constitutional rights. A two-page referral from Goldman and Lander to federal prosecutors accused the officer of depriving Moreta-Galarza of her Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. As of now, the Department of Justice has not confirmed whether it will pursue a felony case, as such decisions are at their discretion.

The incident has also fueled broader calls for oversight and reform at 26 Federal Plaza. On September 18, 2025, Lander and 10 other elected officials were arrested at the facility for attempting to inspect the 10th-floor holding cells, which have been described as overcrowded and unsanitary. Video evidence from July 2025 confirmed reports of inhumane conditions, including migrants sleeping on filthy floors and sharing a single bathroom among dozens. These conditions, coupled with the officer’s actions, have intensified demands to shut down the detention operations at the facility.

 The Context of 26 Federal Plaza

The Jacob K. Javits Federal Office Building at 26 Federal Plaza is a significant hub for federal operations in New York City. In addition to housing immigration courts and ICE’s New York field office, it is a processing center for Social Security hearings and other federal services. However, the building has become a flashpoint for controversy due to ICE’s aggressive tactics under the Trump administration’s immigration policies. Since May 2025, federal agents have been stationed in the hallways, arresting migrants immediately after their court hearings, a practice that critics argue violates due process and creates a climate of fear.

The facility has gained a reputation for rude and unprofessional staff and security personnel. Court observers and advocates have reported instances of dismissive or hostile behavior from ICE agents and security guards, including the use of excessive force and verbal taunts. The September 25 incident is not isolated; reports indicate that the same officer involved in Moreta-Galarza’s case was recorded aggressively arresting a court observer in August 2025 and forcibly separating a teenage girl from her father in a prior incident. These patterns have led to accusations that 26 Federal Plaza operates as a de facto detention center, despite DHS’s claims that it is merely a processing facility.

 Opinion: Balancing Law Enforcement and Human Dignity

The incident at 26 Federal Plaza raises complex questions about immigration enforcement, the rule of law, and the conduct of federal officers. From one perspective, illegal immigration is a violation of U.S. law, and those who enter the country without authorization must face the consequences, including detention and deportation. The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) of 1952, as amended, grants ICE the authority to detain and remove individuals who are in the U.S. illegally (8 U.S.C. § 1226). Immigrants who cross the border without proper documentation are aware of the legal risks, yet they choose to do so, often driven by dire circumstances such as violence or economic hardship. While their motivations may be understandable, the law is clear: unauthorized entry is grounds for deportation, and ICE is tasked with enforcing this mandate.

In the case of Monica Moreta-Galarza, her act of placing a hand on the ICE officer’s chest, though seemingly non-threatening, violated legal boundaries. Federal law prohibits physical interference with law enforcement officers in the performance of their duties. Under 18 U.S.C. § 111(a), assaulting, resisting, or impeding a federal officer can result in penalties, including fines or imprisonment. While Moreta-Galarza’s action was likely an emotional response rather than an intent to harm, it provided the officer with a legal basis to respond. However, the officer’s reaction—pulling her hair, shoving her into a wall, and pushing her to the ground—was grossly disproportionate and unjustifiable.

The officer’s conduct was not only excessive but also unprofessional and abusive. His repeated use of “Adios” as a taunt was dismissive and dehumanizing, undermining the dignity of a woman in distress. Such behavior reflects poorly on ICE and erodes public trust in federal law enforcement. The officer’s prior actions, including pulling Moreta-Galarza’s hair and separating a teenage girl from her father, suggest a pattern of aggression that is incompatible with the “highest professional standards” touted by DHS. While ICE agents face challenging and often volatile situations, their training and protocols emphasize de-escalation and the use of minimal force, as noted by a former ICE official who stated there was “absolutely no” justification for the officer’s actions.

The broader environment at 26 Federal Plaza exacerbates these issues. The facility’s reputation for rude staff and aggressive security practices creates a hostile atmosphere for immigrants, many of whom are navigating complex legal processes under immense stress. The practice of courthouse arrests, which has intensified under the Trump administration, deters migrants from attending hearings, undermining due process and the integrity of the immigration system. While the law must be enforced, it should not come at the cost of basic human dignity or constitutional protections.

In conclusion, the incident at 26 Federal Plaza underscores the need for accountability and reform in immigration enforcement. ICE agents must adhere to strict standards of conduct, and those who engage in excessive force or unprofessional behavior should face severe consequences, including criminal prosecution if warranted. At the same time, immigrants must respect the legal boundaries of the country they seek to enter, understanding that violations carry consequences. Balancing enforcement with compassion is essential to maintaining a just and humane immigration system.

UPDATE: September 27, 2025 - ICE agent was reinstated.  

 Sources

- The Guardian, “Ice officer ‘relieved of duties’ after video shows him manhandling woman at New York immigration court,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/sep/26/ice-officer-video-relieved-of-duties)

- The New York Times, “ICE Officer ‘Relieved of His Duties’ After Pushing Woman to Floor,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/26/nyregion/ice-officer-investigation-woman-shoved.html)

- The New York Times, “U.S. Agent Pushes Woman to Floor in Immigration Courthouse Confrontation,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/25/nyregion/ice-push-woman-nyc.html)

- CNN, “ICE officer who shoved a mother to the floor at an immigration courthouse is ‘relieved of his current duties,’ agency says,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.cnn.com/2025/09/26/us/new-york-federal-agent-woman-confrontation-ice-hnk)

- CBS News, “Unacceptable: ICE officer relieved of duties after videos show him shoving woman to the ground,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ice-officer-relieved-of-duties-video/)

- NPR, “ICE officer caught on video pushing woman is placed on leave,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.npr.org/2025/09/26/nx-s1-5554431/ice-officer-placed-on-leave)

- The Independent, “ICE agent slams woman to the ground and taunts ‘adios’ after her husband is detained in viral video,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/ice-video-arrest-federal-plaza-new-york-b2834410.html)

- BBC, “ICE officer disciplined after shoving woman in New York,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn4w23yjzj1o)

- Hindustan Times, “ICE agent relieved of duties after shoving woman at NYC courthouse, DHS calls officer’s act ‘unacceptable’,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/ice-agent-relieved-of-duties-after-shoving-woman-at-nyc-courthouse-dhs-calls-officers-act-unacceptable-101758902619703.html)

- Newsweek, “ICE Agent Relieved of Duty After Shoving Woman to Ground: ‘Unacceptable’,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.newsweek.com/ice-agent-relieved-shoved-woman-immigration-court-nyc-10790513)

- CBS New York, “NYC comptroller says video shows ICE agent’s altercation with wife of detainee,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/federal-plaza-video-detainee-wife-shoved/)

- ABC7 New York, “ICE officer relieved of duties after violent confrontation in Manhattan courthouse at 26 Federal Plaza goes viral,” September 26, 2025[](https://abc7ny.com/post/ice-officer-relieved-duties-violent-confrontation-manhattan-courthouse-26-federal-plaza-goes-viral/17888417/)

- The Hill, “DHS says federal officer on leave after pushing woman to floor,” September 26, 2025[](https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5523674-ice-agent-shoves-woman-leave/)

- ABC News, “ICE officer ‘relieved of current duties’ after violent confrontation caught on camera,” September 26, 2025[](https://abcnews.go.com/US/ice-officer-relieved-current-duties-after-violent-confrontation/story?id=125974099)

- NBC New York, “ICE agent seen shoving detainee wife is relieved of duties,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.nbcnewyork.com/manhattan/ice-agent-suspended-video-federal-plaza/6396770/)

- Democracy Now!, “Video Shows ICE Agent Assaulting Ecuadorian Mother Inside 26 Federal Plaza in Manhattan,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.democracynow.org/2025/9/26/headlines/video_shows_ice_agent_assaulting_ecuadorian_mother_inside_26_federal_plaza_in_manhattan)

- New York Immigration Coalition, “New Video Shows Inhumane Conditions Inside ICE Detention Center at 26 Federal Plaza, ICE Breaking Oversight Law,” July 22, 2025[](https://www.nyic.org/2025/07/new-video-shows-inhumane-conditions-inside-ice-detention-center-at-26-federal-plaza-ice-breaking-oversight-law/)

- New York Daily News, “ICE agent recorded shoving woman to floor at NYC detention site is relieved of his duties,” September 26, 2025[](https://www.nydailynews.com/2025/09/26/ice-agent-recorded-shoving-woman-floor-nyc-detention-site-relieved-duties/)

- United States Code, Title 8, Section 1226, “Apprehension and detention of aliens”

- United States Code, Title 18, Section 111, “Assaulting, resisting, or impeding certain officers or employees”